Geografio de Somalio: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 14:
La klimaton de Somalio influas la [[Musono]]-ventoj, tutjara varmego, malregulaj pluvadoj kaj ĉiam denove revenaj aridaj periodoj. Krom en la monto- kaj bordoregionoj la averaĝa maksimuma tagotemperaturo estas inter 30 kaj 40 [[°C]]. La sudokcidenta musono provizas la regionon de Mogadiŝo per relative milda klimato en la monatoj de majo ĝis oktobro. Inter decembro kaj februaro la nordorienta musono alportas simile mildan klimaton. En la t.n. ''Tangambili''-Periodo inter ambaŭ musonoj (oktobro ĝis novembro kaj marto ĝis majo) estas varmega kaj humida.
La ĉefa enspezofonto estas brutobredado kiu ege dependas de pluvo kaj klimato.
==Tereno, Vegetaĵaro kaj Akvo==
[[Image:Somalia Topography en.png|thumb|Topografio de Somalio; en la angulo la etiopia regiono de Ogadeno, kiun foje Somalio postulis]]
Fiziografie, Somalio estas lando de limigaj kontrastoj.
<!--Southward the mountains descend, often in scarped ledges, to an elevated plateau devoid of perennial rivers. This region of broken mountain terrain, shallow plateau valleys, and usually dry watercourses is known to the Somalis as the Ogo.
In the Ogo's especially arid eastern part, the plateau—broken by several isolated mountain ranges—gradually slopes toward the [[Indian Ocean]] and in central Somalia constitutes the [[Mudug]] Plain. A major feature of this eastern section is the long and broad [[Nugaal]] Valley, with its extensive network of intermittent seasonal watercourses. The Nugaal river enters the Indian Ocean at [[Eyl]]. The eastern area's population consists mainly of pastoral nomads eking a living in a zone of low and erratic rainfall.
The western part of the Ogo plateau region is crossed by numerous shallow valleys and dry watercourses. Annual rainfall is greater than in the east, and there are flat areas of arable land that provide a home for dryland cultivators. Most important, the western area has permanent wells to which the predominantly nomadic population returns during the dry seasons. The western plateau slopes gently southward and merges imperceptibly into an area known as the [[Haud]], a broad, undulating terrain that constitutes some of the best grazing lands for Somali nomads, despite the lack of appreciable rainfall more than half the year. Enhancing the value of the Haud are the natural depressions that during periods of rain become temporary lakes and ponds.
The Haud zone continues for more than sixty kilometers into Ethiopia, and the vast Somali Plateau, which lies between the northern Somali mountains and the highlands of southeast Ethiopia, extends south and eastward through Ethiopia into central and southwest Somalia. The portion of the Haud lying within Ethiopia was the subject of an agreement made during the colonial era. In 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis,<ref name="Federal">Federal Research Division, ''Somalia: A Country Study'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38</ref> the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the [[Ogaden]] to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor [[Menelik]] in exchange for his help against plundering by [[Somali clan]]s.<ref>David D. Laitin, ''Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience'', (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.73</ref> Britain included the [[proviso]] that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them.<ref name="Zolberg">Zolberg, Aristide R., et al., ''Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World'', (Oxford University Press: 1992), p.106</ref> This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over.<ref name="Zolberg"/> The stretch of land has since been a considerable source of regional strife.
Southwestern Somalia is dominated by the country's only two permanent rivers, the [[Jubba River|Jubba]] and the [[Shabele River|Shabele]]. With their sources in the Ethiopian highlands, these rivers flow in a generally southerly direction, cutting wide valleys in the Somali Plateau as it descends toward the sea; the plateau's elevation falls off rapidly in this area. The adjacent coastal zone, which includes the lower reaches of the rivers and extends from the Mudug Plain to the [[Kenya]]n border, averages 180 meters above sea level.
The Jubba River enters the Indian Ocean at [[Kismaayo]]. Although the Shabeelle River at one time apparently also reached the sea near [[Merca]], its course is thought to have changed in prehistoric times. The Shabeelle now turns southwestward near [[Balcad]] (about thirty kilometers north of [[Mogadishu]]) and parallels the coast for more than eighty-five kilometers. The river is perennial only to a point southwest of Mogadishu; thereafter it consists of swampy areas and dry reaches and is finally lost in the sand east of [[Jilib]], not far from the Jubba River. During the flood seasons, the Shabeelle River may fill its bed to a point near Jilib and occasionally may even break through to the Jubba River farther south. Favorable rainfall and soil conditions make the entire riverine region a fertile agricultural area and the center of the country's largest sedentary population.
In most of northern, northeastern, and north-central Somalia, where rainfall is low, the vegetation consists of scattered low trees, including various acacias, and widely scattered patches of grass. This vegetation gives way to a combination of low bushes and grass clumps in the highly arid areas of the northeast and along the Gulf of Aden.
As elevations and rainfall increase in the maritime ranges of the north, the vegetation becomes denser. [[Aloe]]s are common, and on the higher plateau areas of the Ogo are woodlands. At a few places above 1,500 meters, the remnants of [[juniper]] forests (protected by the state) and areas of [[candelabra euphorbia]] (a chandelier-type spiny plant) occur. In the more arid highlands of the northeast, ''[[Boswellia]]'' and ''[[Commiphora]]'' trees are sources, respectively, of the [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]] for which Somalia has been known since ancient times.
[[Image:Naasa Hablood2.jpg|left|thumb|290px|[[Hargeisa]] and much of northwestern Somalia is desert or hilly terrain. Here, the [[Naasa Hablood]] hills are shown.]]
A broad plateau encompassing the northern city of [[Hargeisa|Hargeysa]], which receives comparatively heavy rainfall, is covered naturally by woodland (much of which has been degraded by overgrazing) and in places by extensive grasslands. Parts of this area have been under cultivation since the 1930s, producing [[sorghum]] and [[maize]]; in the 1990s it constituted the only significant region of sedentary cultivation outside southwestern Somalia.
The Haud south of Hargeysa is covered mostly by a semiarid woodland of scattered trees, mainly [[acacia]]s, underlain by grasses that include species especially favored by livestock as forage. As the Haud merges into the Mudug Plain in central Somalia, the aridity increases and the vegetation takes on a subdesert character. Farther southward the terrain gradually changes to semiarid woodlands and grasslands as the annual precipitation increases.
The region encompassing the Shabeelle and Jubba rivers is relatively well watered and constitutes the country's most arable zone. The lowland between the rivers supports rich pasturage. It features arid to subarid savanna, open woodland, and thickets that include frequently abundant underlying grasses. There are areas of grassland, and in the far southwest, near the Kenyan border, some dry evergreen forests are found.
Along the Indian Ocean from [[Mereeg]], about 150 kilometers northeast of Mogadishu, southwestward to near [[Kismaayo]] lies a stretch of coastal sand dunes. This area is covered with scattered scrub and grass clumps where rainfall is sufficient. Overgrazing, particularly in the area between Mogadishu and Kismaayo, has resulted in the destruction of the protective vegetation cover and the gradual movement of the once-stationary dunes inland. Beginning in the early 1970s, efforts were made to stabilize these dunes by replanting.
Other vegetation includes plants and grasses found in the swamps into which the Shabeelle River empties most of the year and in other large swamps in the course of the lower Jubba River. [[Mangrove]] forests are found at points along the coast, particularly from Kismaayo to near the Kenyan border. Uncontrolled exploitation appears to have caused some damage to forests in that area. Other mangrove forests are located near Mogadishu and at a number of places along the northeastern and northern coasts.
'''Location:'''
East Africa, bordering the [[Gulf of Aden]] and the [[Indian Ocean]], east of [[Ethiopia]]
'''[[Geographic coordinates]]''':
{{coord|10|00|N|49|00|E|type:country}}
'''Map references:'''
Africa
'''Area:'''
<br>''total:''
637,657 km²
<br>''land:''
627,337 km²
<br>''water:''
10,320 km²
'''Area - comparative:'''
slightly smaller than Texas
'''Land boundaries:'''
<br>''total:''
2,366 km
<br>''border countries:''
[[Djibouti]] 58 km, [[Ethiopia]] 1,626 km, [[Kenya]] 682 km
'''Coastline:'''
3,025 km
'''Maritime claims:'''
<br>''territorial sea:''
200 nm (370.4 km)
'''Climate:'''
principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
'''Terrain:'''
mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
'''Elevation extremes:'''
<br>''lowest point:''
Indian Ocean 0 m
<br>''highest point:''
Shimbiris 2,416 m
'''Natural resources:'''
uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, baŭite, copper, salt
'''Land use:'''
<br>''arable land:''
2%
<br>''permanent crops:''
0%
<br>''permanent pastures:''
69%
<br>''forests and woodland:''
26%
<br>''other:''
3% (1993 est.)
'''Irrigated land:'''
1,800 km² (1993 est.)
'''Natural hazards:'''
recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season
'''Environment - current issues:'''
famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
'''Environment - international agreements:'''
<br>''party to:''
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea
<br>''signed, but not ratified:''
Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
'''Geography - note:'''
strategic location on [[Horn of Africa]] along southern approaches to [[Bab el Mandeb]] and route through [[Red Sea]] and [[Suez Canal]]
-->
Gravaj [[Listo de urboj en Somalio|urboj en Somalio]] estas [[Mogadiŝo]], [[Hargeysa]], [[Merka]], [[Berbera]], [[Boosaaso]] kaj [[Kismaayo]].
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