Sano: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 9:
Ĉe [[homo]]j, sano estas pli granda koncepto, inkluzivante la studon de sano, nomita [[sanscienco]].
==Faktoroj==
Ĝenerale, la kunteksto en kiu individuo vivas estas grava kaj por sia sanstatuso kaj vivkvalito. Ĝi estas pli kaj pli agnoskita ke sano estas eltenita kaj plibonigita ne nu pere de antaŭenirado kaj aplikado de [[sanscienco]]j, sed ankaŭ pere de klopodoj kaj inteligentaj elektoj [[vivstilo]] fare de individuoj aŭ socio. Laŭ la [[Monda Organizaĵo pri Sano]], ĉefaj faktoroj por sano estas la socia kaj ekonomia medioj, la fizika medio, kaj la personaj individuaj karakteroj kaj kutimaroj.<ref name="The determinants of health">World Health Organization. [http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/ ''The determinants of health.''] Geneva. Alirita la 12a de Majo 2011.</ref>
Pli specife, ŝlosilaj faktoroj kiuj influas ĉu la personoj estas sanaj aŭ malsanaj estas la jenaj:<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>Public Health Agency of Canada. [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index-eng.php#evidence ''What Determines Health?''] Otavo. Alirita la 12a de Majo 2011.</ref><ref name="Lalonde">Lalonde, Marc. [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde_e.pdf "''A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians''."] Otavo: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.</ref>
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* Enspezo kaj [[socia statuso]]
* Retoj de [[sociala elteno]]
* [[Eduko]] kaj [[legoscio]]
* Kondiĉoj de dungado/laboro
* [[Socia medio]]
* [[Medio|Fizika medio]]
* Personaj sanpraktikoj
* Sana [[infanzorgado]]
* [[biologio|Biologio]] kaj [[genetiko]]
* [[Sansistemo|Sansistemaj servoj]]
* [[Socia sekso|Sekso]]
* [[Kulturo]]
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[[File:Smallpox eradication team.jpg|right|thumb|210px|[[Donald Henderson]] kiel parto de teamo kontraŭ [[variolo]] en 1966.]]
Pliiganta nombro de studoj kaj informoj el diversaj organizoj kaj kuntekstoj ekzamenas la ligojn inter sano kaj diversaj faktoroj, kiaj vivostiloj, medioj, [[Sansistemo|sansistema organizado]], kaj [[sanpolitiko]] – kiaj la [[Informo Lalonde]] de 1974 el Kanado;<ref name="Lalonde"/> la [[Studo de Kantono Alameda]] en Kalifornio;<ref name="Housman & Dorman 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Housman|first1=Jeff|last2=Dorman|first2=Steve|title=The Alameda County Study: A Systematic, Chronological Review|journal=American Journal of Health Education|date=Septembro–Oktobro 2005|volume=36|issue=5|pages=302–308|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ792845|accessdate=27a de Decembro 2011|publisher=American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance|location=Reston, VA|format=PDF|issn=1055-6699|id=ERIC document number EJ792845|ref=CITEREFHousmanDorman2005|doi=10.1080/19325037.2005.10608200}}</ref> kaj la serio de Mondosanaj Informoj de la Monda Organizaĵo pri Sano, kiu centriĝas al temoj de [[monda sano]] kiaj la aliro al sansistemo kaj al plibonigo de rezulto de [[publika sano]], ĉefe en [[evolulando]]j.<ref>World Health Organization. [http://www.who.int/whr/en/ ''The world health report'']. Geneva.</ref>
La koncepto de "''sankampo,''" ege distinga el [[medicino|medicina zorgado]], aperis el la informo Lalonde el Kanado. La informo identigis tri interdependajn kampojn kiel ŝlosilaj faktoroj de individua sano. Tiuj estas la jenaj:<ref name="Lalonde"/>
* Vivostilo: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death;
* Madioj: all matters related to health external to the [[human body]] and over which the individual has little or no control;
* Biomedicina: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.
{{redaktata}}
The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, [[mental health|mental]], and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the ''"health triangle."''<ref>Georgia State University. 1998. [http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwche/ ''Health Triangle Slides''].</ref><ref>Nutter S. (2003) ''The Health Triangle''. Anchor Points, Inc., ISBN 0974876003.</ref> The WHO's 1986 ''[[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]]'' further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."<ref>World Health Organization. [http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.] Adopted at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986 – WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1.</ref>
Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via [[exercise]], enough [[sleep]], maintaining a healthy [[body weight]], limiting [[alcohol]] use, and avoiding [[smoking]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Housman|Dorman|2005|pp=303–304}}. "The linear model supported previous findings, including regular exercise, limited alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking, sleeping 7–8 hours a night, and maintenance of a healthy weight play an important role in promoting longevity and delaying illness and death." Citing {{cite journal | author = Wingard DL, Berkman LF, Brand RJ | title = A multivariate analysis of health-related practices: a nine-year mortality follow-up of the Alameda County Study | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 765–775 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7148802 }}</ref> Health and [[illness]] can co-exist, as even people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy.<ref>Vögele, Claus (2013). "On Living a Long, Healthy, and Happy Life, Full of Love, and with no Regrets, until Our Last Breath". ''Verhaltenstherapie'' '''23''':287–289.</ref>
The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the [[natural environment]], the [[built environment]], and the [[social environment]]. Factors such as clean [[water]] and [[air]], adequate [[house|housing]], and safe communities and [[road traffic safety|roads]] all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>UNESCO. [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/basic_needs.shtml ''The UN World Water Development Report: Facts and Figures – Meeting basic needs.''] Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref> Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of [[obesity]], linked to lower overall health and well being.<ref name="Fanny Price">{{cite journal | author = Björk J, Albin M, Grahn P, Jacobsson H, Ardö J, Wadbro J, Ostergren PO | title = Recreational Values of the Natural Environment in Relation to Neighborhood Satisfaction, Physical Activity, Obesity and Well being | journal = Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = e2 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18365329 | doi = 10.1136/jech.2007.062414 }}</ref> This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in [[public policy]] and land use.
[[Genetics]], or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the [[genetic predisposition|predisposition]] to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their [[families]]. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with [[Stress (biology)|stress]], either mental, emotional or physical. For example, [[obesity]] is a very large problem in the United States{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} that contributes to bad mental health and causes stress in a lot of people's lives. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the [[nature versus nurture|debate]] over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.)
== Proverbo ==
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