Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 94:
La subitaj mortoj de siaj du patronoj en la sama vintro devigis Leibniz serĉi novan bazon por sia kariero. En tiu kadro, invito de 1669 el la Duko de [[Duklando Brunsvigo-Luneburgo|Brunsvigo]] por viziti Hanoveron montriĝis katastrofa. Leibniz malakceptis la inviton, sed ekkorespondis kun la Duko en 1671. En 1673, Johann Friedrich, Duko de Brunsvigo-Luneburgo proponis al li la postenon de Konsilisto kiun Leibniz tre malvolonte akceptis du jarojn poste, nur post iĝis klare ke ne estis probabla dungo en Parizo, je kies intelekta stimulado li fidis, aŭ ĉe la imperia kortego de la [[Habsburgoj]].
===Dinastio de Hanovro, 1676–1716===
Leibniz sukcesis prokrasti sian alvenon en [[Hanovro (lando)|Hanovron]] ĝis la fino de 1676 post fari unu pli mallongan veturon al Londono, kie li estis poste akuzita de Newton pro montrado de kelkaj el la nepublikigita verkaro de Newton pri kalkulo.<ref>Pri la kverelo inter Newton kaj Leibniz kaj revizio de la pruvaro, vidu Alfred Rupert Hall, ''Philosophers at War: The Quarrel Between Newton and Leibniz'', (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 44–69.</ref> Tio estis parto de la subteno por akuzado, farota jardekojn poste, ke li estis ŝtelinta la kalkulkonceptojn el Newton. Pri la veturo el Londono al [[Hanovro]], Leibniz haltis ĉe [[Hago]] kie li renkontiĝis kun [[Leeuwenhoek]], nome la malkovrinto de mikroorganismoj. Li pasis kelkajn tagojn en forta studdiskuto kun [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], kiu estis kompletiginta siajn majstroverkon, nome ''[[Etiko (Spinozo)|Etiko]]''.<ref>Mackie (1845), p. 117-118</ref>
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In 1677, he was promoted, at his request, to Privy Counselor of Justice, a post he held for the rest of his life. Leibniz served three consecutive rulers of the House of Brunswick as historian, political adviser, and most consequentially, as librarian of the [[duke|ducal]] library. He thenceforth employed his pen on all the various political, historical, and [[theological]] matters involving the House of Brunswick; the resulting documents form a valuable part of the historical record for the period.
Among the few people in north Germany to accept Leibniz were the Electress [[Sofia de Hanovro]] (1630–1714), her daughter [[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover]] (1668–1705), the Queen of Prussia and his avowed disciple, and [[Caroline of Ansbach]], the consort of her grandson, the future [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]. To each of these women he was correspondent, adviser, and friend. In turn, they all approved of Leibniz more than did their spouses and the future king [[George I of Great Britain]].<ref>For a study of Leibniz's correspondence with Sophia Charlotte, see MacDonald Ross, George, 1990, "Leibniz’s Exposition of His System to Queen Sophie Charlotte and Other Ladies." In ''Leibniz in Berlin'', ed. H. Poser and A. Heinekamp, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1990, 61-69.</ref>
The population of Hanover was only about 10,000, and its provinciality eventually grated on Leibniz. Nevertheless, to be a major courtier to the House of [[Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick]] was quite an honor, especially in light of the meteoric rise in the prestige of that House during Leibniz's association with it. In 1692, the Duke of Brunswick became a hereditary Elector of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The British [[Act of Settlement 1701]] designated the Electress Sophia and her descent as the royal family of England, once both King [[William III of England|William III]] and his sister-in-law and successor, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], were dead. Leibniz played a role in the initiatives and negotiations leading up to that Act, but not always an effective one. For example, something he published anonymously in England, thinking to promote the Brunswick cause, was formally censured by the [[British Parliament]].
The Brunswicks tolerated the enormous effort Leibniz devoted to intellectual pursuits unrelated to his duties as a courtier, pursuits such as perfecting the calculus, writing about other mathematics, logic, physics, and philosophy, and keeping up a vast correspondence. He began working on the calculus in 1674; the earliest evidence of its use in his surviving notebooks is 1675. By 1677 he had a coherent system in hand, but did not publish it until 1684. Leibniz's most important mathematical papers were published between 1682 and 1692, usually in a journal which he and Otto Mencke founded in 1682, the ''[[Acta Eruditorum]]''. That journal played a key role in advancing his mathematical and scientific reputation, which in turn enhanced his eminence in diplomacy, history, theology, and philosophy.
[[File:Korespondencja Gottfrieda Leibniza.jpg|thumb|250px|Leibniz's correspondence, papers and notes from 1669-1704, [[National Library of Poland]].]]
The Elector [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Ernest Augustus]] commissioned Leibniz to write a history of the House of Brunswick, going back to the time of [[Charlemagne]] or earlier, hoping that the resulting book would advance his dynastic ambitions. From 1687 to 1690, Leibniz traveled extensively in Germany, Austria, and Italy, seeking and finding archival materials bearing on this project. Decades went by but no history appeared; the next Elector became quite annoyed at Leibniz's apparent dilatoriness. Leibniz never finished the project, in part because of his huge output on many other fronts, but also because he insisted on writing a meticulously researched and erudite book based on archival sources, when his patrons would have been quite happy with a short popular book, one perhaps little more than a [[genealogy]] with commentary, to be completed in three years or less. They never knew that he had in fact carried out a fair part of his assigned task: when the material Leibniz had written and collected for his history of the House of Brunswick was finally published in the 19th century, it filled three volumes.
In 1708, [[John Keill]], writing in the journal of the Royal Society and with Newton's presumed blessing, accused Leibniz of having plagiarized Newton's calculus.<ref>Mackie (1845), 109</ref> Thus began the [[Newton v. Leibniz calculus controversy|calculus priority dispute]] which darkened the remainder of Leibniz's life. A formal investigation by the Royal Society (in which Newton was an unacknowledged participant), undertaken in response to Leibniz's demand for a retraction, upheld Keill's charge. Historians of mathematics writing since 1900 or so have tended to acquit Leibniz, pointing to important differences between Leibniz's and Newton's versions of the calculus.
In 1711, while traveling in northern Europe, the Russian [[Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] stopped in Hanover and met Leibniz, who then took some interest in Russian matters for the rest of his life. In 1712, Leibniz began a two-year residence in [[Vienna]], where he was appointed Imperial Court Councillor to the [[Habsburg]]s. On the death of Queen Anne in 1714, Elector George Louis became King [[George I of Great Britain]], under the terms of the 1701 Act of Settlement. Even though Leibniz had done much to bring about this happy event, it was not to be his hour of glory. Despite the intercession of the Princess of Wales, Caroline of Ansbach, George I forbade Leibniz to join him in London until he completed at least one volume of the history of the Brunswick family his father had commissioned nearly 30 years earlier. Moreover, for George I to include Leibniz in his London court would have been deemed insulting to Newton, who was seen as having won the calculus priority dispute and whose standing in British official circles could not have been higher. Finally, his dear friend and defender, the Dowager Electress Sophia, died in 1714.
==Verkoj de Leibniz==
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