Geedzeco: Malsamoj inter versioj

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Linio 77:
===Poligamio===
{{Ĉefartikolo|Poligamio}}
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Polygamy is a marriage which includes more than two partners.<ref name=Zeitzen>{{cite book |last=Zeitzen |first=Miriam Koktvedgaard |title=Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3 |publisher=Berg |page=3 |year=2008 |isbn=1-84520-220-1}}</ref> When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called [[polygyny]], and there is no marriage bond between the wives; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called [[polyandry]], and there is no marriage bond between the husbands. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called [[group marriage]].<ref name=Zeitzen/>
 
PolygamyPoligamio is aestas marriagegeedzeco whichkiu includesinkludas morepli thanol twodu partnerspartneroj.<ref name=Zeitzen>{{cite book |last=Zeitzen |first=Miriam Koktvedgaard |title=Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3 |publisher=Berg |page=3 |year=2008 |isbn=1-84520-220-1}}</ref> WhenKiam aviro manestas isedzo marriedde topli moreol thanunu one wife at avirino timesamtempe, thela relationshiprilato isestas callednomata [[polygynypoliginio]], andkaj therene isestas nogeedzeco marriageinter bondla between the wivesedzinoj; andkaj whenkiam ala womanvirino isestas marriededziniĝinta toal morepli thanol oneunu husbandedzo at a timesamtempe, itĝi isestas callednomata [[polyandrypoliandrio]], andkaj therene isestas nogeedza marriageligo bondinter betweenla the husbandsedzoj. If aSe marriagegeedzeco includesinkludas multiplemultajn husbandsedzojn andkaj wivesedzinojn, itĝi canpovas beesti callednomata [[groupgrupa marriagegeedzeco]].<ref name=Zeitzen/>
A molecular genetic study of global human genetic diversity argued that sexual polygyny was typical of human reproductive patterns until the shift to sedentary farming communities approximately 10,000 to 5,000 years ago in Europe and Asia, and more recently in Africa and the Americas.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Dupanloup I, Pereira L, Bertorelle G, Calafell F, Prata MJ, Amorim A, Barbujani G | year = 2003 | title = A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity | journal = J Mol Evol | volume = 57 | issue = 1| pages = 85–97 | doi = 10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x | pmid = 12962309 }}</ref> As noted above, Anthropologist [[Jack Goody]]'s comparative study of marriage around the world utilizing the [[Human Relations Area Files|Ethnographic Atlas]] found that the majority of Sub-Saharan African societies that practice extensive hoe agriculture show a correlation between "[[Bride price]]," and polygamy.<ref name="Goody 1976 7"/> A survey of other cross-cultural samples has confirmed that the absence of the plough was the only predictor of polygamy, although other factors such as high male mortality in warfare (in non-state societies) and pathogen stress (in state societies) had some impact.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ember|first=Carol R.|title=What we know and what we don't know about variation in social organization: Melvin Ember's approach to the study of kinship|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|year=2011|volume=45|issue=1|pages=27–30|doi=10.1177/1069397110383947}}</ref>
 
AStudo molecularpri geneticmolekula studygenetiko ofde globaltutmonda humanhoma geneticgenetika diversitydiverseco arguedasertis thatke sexualseksa polygynypoliginio wasestis typicaltipa ofde humanhomaj reproductivereproduktaj patternsmodeloj untilĝis thela shiftŝanĝo toal sedentarysedentaj farmingfarmistaj communitieskomunumoj approximatelyproksimume antaŭ 10,000 toal 5,000 yearsjaroj ago inen EuropeEŭropo andkaj AsiaAzio, andkaj morepli recentlyĵuse inen AfricaAfriko and thekaj AmericasAmeriko.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Dupanloup I, Pereira L, Bertorelle G, Calafell F, Prata MJ, Amorim A, Barbujani G | year = 2003 | title = A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity | journal = J Mol Evol | volume = 57 | issue = 1| pages = 85–97 | doi = 10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x | pmid = 12962309 }}</ref> AsKiel notednotite aboveantaŭe, Anthropologistla kompara studo de antropologo [[Jack Goody]]'s comparativepri studyla ofgeedzeco marriagetra aroundla thetuta worldmondo utilizinguzante thela [[Human''Ethnographic RelationsAtlas'' Areatrovis Files|Ethnographicke Atlas]]la foundmajoritato thatde thesocijo majority ofde Sub-SaharanSahara AfricanAfriko societieskiuj thatpraktikas practiceetendan extensiveŝpatan hoeagrikulturon agriculturemontras showkunrilaton a correlation betweeninter "[[Bride price]],edzinprezo" andkaj polygamypoligamio.<ref name="Goody 1976 7"/> AEsplorado survey ofpri otheraliaj crosskruc-culturalkulturaj samplesekzemploj haskonfirmis confirmedke thatla theforesto absencede ofla theplugilo ploughestis wasla thenura onlyindikilo predictor ofde polygamypoligamio, althoughkvankam otherankaŭ factorsaliaj suchfaktoroj askiaj highalta malemasklomortindico mortalityen in warfaremilito (inen nonne-stateŝtataj societiessocioj) andkaj pathogenpatogena stressstreso (inen stateŝtataj societiessocioj) hadhavis someioman impactefikon.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ember|first=Carol R.|title=What we know and what we don't know about variation in social organization: Melvin Ember's approach to the study of kinship|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|year=2011|volume=45|issue=1|pages=27–30|doi=10.1177/1069397110383947}}</ref>
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Marriages are classified according to the number of legal spouses an individual has. The suffix "-gamy" refers specifically to the number of spouses, as in [[Bigamy|bi-gamy]] (two spouses, generally illegal in most nations), and poly-gamy (more than one spouse).