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Sociaj sciencistoj kiaj [[V. Gordon Childe]] nombris multajn trajtojn kiuj distingas civilizon el laij tipoj de socio.<ref>Gordon Childe, V., ''What Happened in History'' (Penguin, 1942) kaj ''Man Makes Himself'' (Harmondsworth, 1951)</ref> Civilizoj estis distingitaj pere de ties rimedoj por vivteni sin, tipoj de vivostiloj, modeloj de [[Setlejo|setlado]], formoj de [[registaro|regado]], [[socia klaso| socia tavoligo]], ekonomiaj sistemoj, [[legoscio]], kaj aliaj kulturaj trajtoj. [[Andrew Nikiforuk]] asertas ke "civilizoj estis ligitaj al sklava homa forto. Estis la energio de sklavoj kio plantis la kultivaĵojn, vestis la imperiestrojn, kaj konstruis urbojn" kaj konsideras sklavecon kiel komuna trajto de antaŭ-modernaj civilizoj.<ref>Nikiforuk, Andrew (2012), "The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the new servitude" (Greystone Books)</ref>
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AllĈiuj civilizationscivilizoj haveestis dependeddependintaj onel [[agricultureagrikulturo]] forpor subsistencevivelteno. GrainCerealaj farmsfarmoj canpovas resultrezulti inen accumulatedakumulo storagede andstokado akaj surpluspluso of(kromo) foodde manĝo, particularlypartikulare whenkiam peoplela usepersonoj intensiveuzas agriculturalintensivajn techniquesagrikulturajn suchteknikoj askiaj artificialartefarita [[fertilisation]], [[irrigation]] and [[crop rotation]]. It is possible but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilisations based on horticultural gardening have been very rare.<ref>Hadjikoumis; Angelos, Robinson; and Sarah Viner-Daniels (Eds) (2011), "Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt" (Oxbow Books)</ref> [[Grain]] surpluses have been especially important because they can be [[food storage|stored]] for a long time. A surplus of food permits some people to do things besides produce food for a living: early civilizations included [[soldiers]], [[artisan]]s, [[priest]]s and priestesses, and other people with specialized careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labor and a more diverse range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the [[Pacific Northwest]] and perhaps during the [[Mesolithic]] [[Natufian culture]]. It is possible that food surpluses and relatively large scale social organization and division of labor predates plant and animal domestication.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text/1 |title= Göbekli Tepe |publisher= [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref>
Civilizations have distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies. The word ''civilization'' is sometimes simply defined as "'living in cities'".<ref>[[Tom Standage]] (2005), ''A History of the World in 6 Glasses'', Walker & Company, 25.</ref> Non-farmers tend to gather in cities to work and to trade.
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