Civilizo: Malsamoj inter versioj

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[[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|right|upright|"Neniu en la historio de civilizo formis onian komprenon pri scienco kaj natura filozofio pli ol la granda [[Antikva Grekio|greka]] filozofo kaj sciencisto [[Aristotelo]] (384–322 a.K.), kiu projekciis profundan kaj persvadan influon dum pli ol dumil jaroj" — Gary B. Ferngren<ref>Gary B. Ferngren (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=weOOCfiDhDcC&pg=PA33&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Science and religion: a historical introduction]''". JHU Press. p.33. ISBN 0-8018-7038-0</ref>]]
Sociaj sciencistoj kiaj [[V. Gordon Childe]] nombris multajn trajtojn kiuj distingas civilizon el laij tipoj de socio.<ref>Gordon Childe, V., ''What Happened in History'' (Penguin, 1942) kaj ''Man Makes Himself'' (Harmondsworth, 1951)</ref> Civilizoj estis distingitaj pere de ties rimedoj por vivteni sin, tipoj de vivostiloj, modeloj de [[Setlejo|setlado]], formoj de [[registaro|regado]], [[socia klaso| socia tavoligo]], ekonomiaj sistemoj, [[legoscio]], kaj aliaj kulturaj trajtoj. [[Andrew Nikiforuk]] asertas ke "civilizoj estis ligitaj al sklava homa forto. Estis la energio de sklavoj kio plantis la kultivaĵojn, vestis la imperiestrojn, kaj konstruis urbojn" kaj konsideras sklavecon kiel komuna trajto de antaŭ-modernaj civilizoj.<ref>Nikiforuk, Andrew (2012), "The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the new servitude" (Greystone Books)</ref>
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Ĉiuj civilizoj estis dependintaj el [[agrikulturo]] por vivelteno. Cerealaj farmoj povas rezulti en akumulo de stokado kaj pluso (kromo) de manĝo, partikulare kiam la personoj uzas intensivajn agrikulturajn teknikoj kiaj artefarita [[fertilisation]], [[irrigation]] and [[crop rotation]]. It is possible but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilisations based on horticultural gardening have been very rare.<ref>Hadjikoumis; Angelos, Robinson; and Sarah Viner-Daniels (Eds) (2011), "Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt" (Oxbow Books)</ref> [[Grain]] surpluses have been especially important because they can be [[food storage|stored]] for a long time. A surplus of food permits some people to do things besides produce food for a living: early civilizations included [[soldiers]], [[artisan]]s, [[priest]]s and priestesses, and other people with specialized careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labor and a more diverse range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the [[Pacific Northwest]] and perhaps during the [[Mesolithic]] [[Natufian culture]]. It is possible that food surpluses and relatively large scale social organization and division of labor predates plant and animal domestication.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text/1 |title= Göbekli Tepe |publisher= [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref>
 
Ĉiuj civilizoj estis dependintaj el [[agrikulturo]] por vivelteno. Cerealaj farmoj povas rezulti en akumulo de stokado kaj pluso (kromo) de manĝo, partikulare kiam la personoj uzas intensivajn agrikulturajn teknikoj kiaj artefarita [[fertilisationSterko|sterkado]], [[irrigationirigacio]] andkaj [[crop rotationkultivaĵŝanĝo]]. ItEstas isebla possiblesed butpli moremalfacila difficultakumuli tohortikulturan accumulate horticultural productionproduktadon, and sokaj civilisationstiele basedcivilizoj onbaziĝintaj horticulturalsur gardeninghortikultura haveĝardenado beenestis verytre rareraraj.<ref>Hadjikoumis; Angelos, Robinson; andkaj Sarah Viner-Daniels (Eds) (2011), "Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt" (Oxbow Books)</ref> [[GrainGreno|Grenaj]] surplusesplusproduktadoj haveestis beenspeciale especiallygravaj importantĉar becauseili theypovis canpli befacile [[foodesti storage|stored]]stokitaj forpor alonga long timetempo. AKroma surplus ofpluso foodde permitsmanĝo somepermesis peopleal tokelkaj dopersonoj thingsfari besidestaskojn producekrom foodprodukti formanĝaĵojn apor livingvivtenado: earlyfruaj civilizationscivilizoj includedinkludis [[soldierssoldato]]jn, [[artisanmetiisto]]sjn, [[priestpastro]]sjn andkaj priestessespastrinojn, andkaj otheraliajn peoplepersonojn withkun specializedspecializitaj careerskarieroj. AKroma surpluspluso ofde foodmanĝo resultsrezultis intiele aen divisiondivido ofde laborlaboro andkaj apli morediversa diversegamo rangede of humanhoma activityagado, anome definingdifina traittrajto ofde civilizationscivilizoj. HoweverTamen, inen somekelkaj placeslokoj hunterĉasistoj-gathererskolektistoj haveestis hadhavintaj accessalirojn toal food surplusesmanĝoplusoj, suchkiel asinter amongkelkaj someel ofla theindiĝenaj indigenouspopoloj peoplesde of thela [[PacificPacifika NorthwestNordokcidento]] andkaj perhapseble duringdum thela [[MesolithicMezolitiko|mezolitika]] [[NatufianNatufia culture]]kulturo. ItEble ismanĝoplusoj possiblekaj thatrelative foodgrandskalaj surplusessocia andorganizado relativelykaj largelabordivido scaleantaŭis socialla organizationaldomigon andde divisionplantoj of labor predates plant and animalkaj domesticationanimaloj.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text/1 |title= Göbekli Tepe |publisher= [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |accessdate=1313a de NovemberNovembro 2014}}</ref>
Civilizations have distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies. The word ''civilization'' is sometimes simply defined as "'living in cities'".<ref>[[Tom Standage]] (2005), ''A History of the World in 6 Glasses'', Walker & Company, 25.</ref> Non-farmers tend to gather in cities to work and to trade.
 
Civilizoj havas distinge diferencajn modelojn de setlado disde aliaj socioj. La vorto ''civilizo'' estas foje simple difinita kiel "'loĝado en urboj'".<ref>Tom Standage (2005), ''A History of the World in 6 Glasses'', Walker & Company, 25.</ref> Ne-farmistoj tendencas ariĝi en urboj por labori kaj komerci.
Compared with other societies, civilizations have a more complex political structure, namely the [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>Grinin, Leonid E (Ed) et al. (2004), "The Early State and its Alternatives and Analogues" (Ichitel)</ref> State societies are more stratified<ref>Bondarenko, Dmitri et al. (2004), "Alternatives to Social Evolution" in Grinin op cit.</ref> than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes. The [[ruling class]], normally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises its will through the actions of a [[government]] or [[bureaucracy]]. [[Morton Fried]], a [[conflict theory|conflict theorist]], and [[Elman Service]], an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and [[social inequality]]. This system of classification contains four categories<ref>Bogucki, Peter (1999), "The Origins of Human Society" (Wiley Blackwell)</ref>
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ComparedKompare withkun otheraliaj societiessocioj, civilizationscivilizoj havehavas apli morekompleksan complexpolitikan political structurestrukturon, namelynome thela [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>Grinin, Leonid E (Ed) et al. (2004), "The Early State and its Alternatives and Analogues" (Ichitel)</ref> State societies are more stratified<ref>Bondarenko, Dmitri et al. (2004), "Alternatives to Social Evolution" in Grinin op cit.</ref> than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes. The [[ruling class]], normally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises its will through the actions of a [[government]] or [[bureaucracy]]. [[Morton Fried]], a [[conflict theory|conflict theorist]], and [[Elman Service]], an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and [[social inequality]]. This system of classification contains four categories<ref>Bogucki, Peter (1999), "The Origins of Human Society" (Wiley Blackwell)</ref>
* ''[[Hunter-gatherer]] bands'', which are generally [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]].<ref>DeVore, Irven, and Lee, Richard (1999) "Man the Hunter" (Aldine)</ref>
* ''[[horticulture|Horticultural]]/[[Pastoralism|pastoral]] societies'' in which there are generally two inherited social classes; chief and commoner.