Civilizo: Malsamoj inter versioj

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Kompare kun aliaj socioj, civilizoj havas pli kompleksan politikan strukturon, nome la [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>Grinin, Leonid E (Ed) et al. (2004), "The Early State and its Alternatives and Analogues" (Ichitel)</ref> State societies are more stratified<ref>Bondarenko, Dmitri et al. (2004), "Alternatives to Social Evolution" in Grinin op cit.</ref> than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes. The [[ruling class]], normally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises its will through the actions of a [[government]] or [[bureaucracy]]. [[Morton Fried]], a [[conflict theory|conflict theorist]], and [[Elman Service]], an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and [[social inequality]]. This system of classification contains four categories<ref>Bogucki, Peter (1999), "The Origins of Human Society" (Wiley Blackwell)</ref>▼

* ''[[Hunter-gatherer]] bands'', which are generally [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]].<ref>DeVore, Irven, and Lee, Richard (1999) "Man the Hunter" (Aldine)</ref>▼

* ''Civilizations,'' with complex [[social hierarchy|social hierarchies]] and organized, institutional [[government]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. |author2=Linda Black |author3=Larry S. Krieger |author4=Phillip C. Naylor |author5=Dahia Ibo Shabaka | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | isbn = 0-395-87274-X }}</ref>▼

Economically, civilizations display more complex patterns of ownership and exchange than less organized societies. Living in one place allows people to accumulate more [[Ownership|personal possessions]] than nomadic people. Some people also acquire [[landed property]], or private ownership of the land. Because a percentage of people in civilizations do not grow their own food, they must [[trade]] their goods and services for food in a [[Market (economics)|market]] system, or receive food through the levy of [[tribute]], redistributive [[taxation]], [[tariffs]] or [[tithe]]s from the food producing segment of the population. Early human cultures functioned through a [[gift economy]] supplemented by limited [[barter]] systems. By the early [[Iron Age]] contemporary civilizations developed [[money]] as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions. To oversimplify, in a village the potter makes a pot for the brewer and the brewer compensates the potter by giving him a certain amount of beer. In a city, the potter may need a new roof, the roofer may need new shoes, the cobbler may need new horseshoes, the blacksmith may need a new coat, and the tanner may need a new pot. These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time. A monetary system is a way of organizing these obligations to ensure that they are fulfilled. From the days of the earliest monetarised civilisations, monopolistic controls of monetary systems have benefited the social and political elites.▼