Bagdado: Malsamoj inter versioj

Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries. Many of the Abbasid caliphs were patrons of learning and enjoyed collecting both ancient and contemporary literature. Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature, the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale. Many of these libraries were private collections intended only for the use of the owners and their immediate friends, but the libraries of the caliphs and other officials soon took on a public or a semi-public character.<ref name=mackensen>Mackensen, Ruth Stellhorn . (1932). Four Great Libraries of Medieval Baghdad. ''The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy'', Vol. 2, No. 3 (Jul., 1932), pp. 279-299. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Four great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period. The earliest was that of the famous Al Mamun, who was caliph from 813 to 833. Another was established by Sabur Ibn Ardashir in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy.<ref name=mackensen/> Unfortunately, this second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only seventy years after it was established. This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society.<ref name=mackensen/> The last two were examples of ''madrasa'' or theological college libraries. The Nizamiyah was founded by the Persian Nizam al Mulk, who was vizier of two early Seljuk sultans.<ref name=mackensen/> It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258. The Mustansiriyah ''madrasa'', which owned an exceedingly rich library, was founded by Al Mustansir, the second last Abbasid caliph, who died in 1242.<ref name=mackensen/> This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad.

 

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La 27a de decembro 2015 la iraka armeo rekonkeris la urbon [[Ramadi]], proksima al Bagdado, ekde aprilo en teritorio kontrolita de ĝihadistoj de ISIS.