Aŭstralio: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 283:
La klimato de Aŭstralio estas grave influita de oceanaj marfluoj, kiaj la Hindoceana Dupoluso kaj la [[El Niño Suda Oscilado]], kiu estas koresponda kun perioda [[trosekeco]], kaj la sezontropika malalta premsistemo kiu produktas [[ciklono]]jn en norda Aŭstralio.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/climate-watch/no-more-drought-its-a-permanent-dry/2007/09/06/1188783415754.html|title=No more drought: it's a 'permanent dry'|last=Kleinman|first=Rachel|date=6a de Septembro 2007|accessdate=30a de Marto 2010|work= The Age| location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article2465960.ece|title=Australia's epic drought: The situation is grim|last=Marks|first=Kathy|work= The Independent|date=20a de Aprilo 2007|accessdate=30a de Marto 2010|location=London|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422065131/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article2465960.ece|archivedate=22a de Aprilo 2007}}</ref> Tiuj faktoroj kaŭzas ke pluvego varias markite el jaro al jaro. Multo de la norda parto de la lando havas tropikan, hegemonian somer-pluvan ([[musono]]) klimaton.<ref name=bomclim>{{cite web| title = Australia – Climate of Our Continent | publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.htm | accessdate =17a de Junio 2010| archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.html| archivedate= 17a de Marto 2009}}</ref> La sudokcidenta angulo de la lando havas [[Mediteranea klimato|Mediteranean klimaton]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Climate of Western Australia | publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.htm | accessdate =6a de Decembro 2009| archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.html| archivedate= 17a de Marto 2009}}</ref> Multo de sudoriento (kiaj Tasmanio) estas moderklimata.<ref name=bomclim/>
==Naturo==
[[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A koala holding onto a eucalyptus tree with its head turned so both eyes are visible|La [[koalo]] kaj la arbospecioj de la genroj ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' formas tipan aŭstralian paron.]]
Kvankam plej el Aŭstralio estas duon-arida aŭ dezerta, ĝi inkludas diversan gamon de habitatoj el [[Alpa klimato|alpaj]] arbustaroj al tropikaj [[pluvarbaro]]j, kaj estas agnoskita kiel [[Megadiversaj landoj|megadiversa lando]]. [[Fungo]]j tipigas tiun diversecon; ĉirkaŭ 250,000 specioj — el kiuj nur 5% estis priskribitaj — ekzistas en Aŭstralio.<ref>Pascoe, I.G. (1991). History of systematic mycology in Australia. ''History of Systematic Botany in Australasia.'' Eld. de: P. Short. Australian Systematic Botany Society Inc. pp. 259–264.</ref> Pro la granda antikveco de la kontinento, la tre varieblaj vetermodeloj, kaj la longdaŭra geografia izoleco, multo el la [[bioto]]j de Aŭstralio estas unika. Ĉirakŭ 85% el la florplantoj, 84% el mamuloj, pli ol 45% el la birdoj, kaj 89% el la ĉebordaj fiŝoj de moderklimata zono estas [[endemio|endemiaj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html|title=About Biodiversity|accessdate=18a de Septembro 2007|publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205015628/www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html|archivedate=5a de Februaro 2007}}</ref> Aŭstralio havas la plej granda nombro de reptilioj de ajna lando, kun 755 specioj.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lambertini|first=Marco|title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics|year=2000|isbn=0-226-46828-3|publisher=University of Chicago Press|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/468283.html|format=excerpt|accessdate=30a de Marto 2010}}</ref>
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[[Forests of Australia|Australian forests]] are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly [[eucalyptus]] trees in the less arid regions; [[Acacia|wattles]] replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.<ref name=dfat>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/flora_and_fauna.html|title=About Australia: Flora and fauna|accessdate=15 May 2010|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|date=May 2008|work=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211203954/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/flora_and_fauna.html|archivedate=11 February 2014}}</ref> Among well-known [[fauna of Australia|Australian animals]] are the [[monotreme]]s (the [[platypus]] and [[echidna]]); a host of [[marsupial]]s, including the [[kangaroo]], [[koala]], and [[wombat]], and birds such as the [[emu]] and the [[kookaburra]].<ref name=dfat/> Australia is home to [[Animal attacks in Australia|many dangerous animals]] including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.<ref>"Snake Bite", ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20150115112947/http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000084b.htm The Australian Venom Compendium]''.</ref> The [[dingo]] was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name="savolainen2004">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Savolainen | first1 = P.
| last2 = Leitner | first2 = T.
| last3 = Wilton | first3 = A. N.
| last4 = Matisoo-Smith | first4 = E.
| last5 = Lundeberg | first5 = J.
| title = A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0401814101
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
| volume = 101
| issue = 33
| pages = 12387–12390
| year = 2004
| pmid = 15299143
| pmc =514485
}}</ref> Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=170|title=Humans to blame for extinction of Australia's megafauna|publisher=The [[University of Melbourne]]|date=8 June 2001|accessdate=30 March 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402065113/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=170| archivedate= 2 April 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref> including the [[Australian megafauna]]; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the [[thylacine]].<ref name="NW">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/index.htm|title=The Thylacine Museum – A Natural History of the Tasmanian Tiger|publisher=The Thylacine Museum|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ts-day/index.html|title=National Threatened Species Day|publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government|year=2006|accessdate=21 November 2006| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209084616/http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ts-day/index.html| archivedate= 9 December 2006 | deadurl=no}}</ref>
Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and [[Invasive species in Australia|introduced]] animal, [[chromista]]n, fungal and plant species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/index.html |title=Invasive species |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=14 June 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629001302/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/index.html| archivedate= 29 June 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref> All these factors have led to Australia having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2012/10/australias-most-endangered-species|title=Australia's most endangered species|publisher=Australian Geographic|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref> The federal ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/about/index.html |title=About the EPBC Act |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |accessdate=14 June 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531084042/http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/about/index.html| archivedate= 31 May 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Numerous [[Protected areas of Australia|protected areas]] have been created under the [[Biodiversity action plan|National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity]] to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312021249/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/index.html|archivedate=12 March 2011|title=National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
|date=21 January 2010 |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/chap1.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313222100/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/chap1.html |archivedate=13 March 2011 |title=Conservation of biological diversity across Australia |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts|date=19 January 2009 |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref> 65 [[wetland]]s are [[List of Ramsar sites in Australia|listed]] under the [[Ramsar Convention]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]] |pages=6–7 |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref> and 16 natural [[World Heritage Site]]s have been established.<ref name="WHC">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/au|title=Australia|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=5 September 2009}}</ref> Australia was ranked 3rd out of 178 countries in the world on the 2014 [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref name="EPI">{{cite web|url=http://epi.yale.edu/epi/country-rankings|title=2014 Environmental Performance Index|publisher=[[Yale University]]|accessdate=11 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704103128/http://epi.yale.edu/epi/country-rankings <!-- Added by Forward Unto Dawn -->|archivedate=4 July 2014}}</ref>
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