Aŭstralio: Malsamoj inter versioj

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Linio 335:
 
Rangita la tria en la [[Indico de Ekonomia Libero]] (2010),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/Australia|title=Australia|publisher=2010 Index of Economic Freedom|accessdate=30a de Marto 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330033949/http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/Australia| archivedate= 30a de Marto 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Aŭstralio estas la [[Listo de landoj laŭ MEP (ĝenerale)|dekdua plej granda ekonomio de la mondo]] kaj havas la [[Listo de landoj laŭ MEP po kapo|kvina plej granda ekonomio pokapa]] (nominale) je $66,984. La lando estis rangita la dua en la [[Indico de homa disvolviĝo]] de [[Unuiĝintaj Nacioj]] en 2011 kaj unua en la Prosperindico de Legatum de 2008.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010 – tables|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=25a de Aprilo 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429045417/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf| archivedate= 29a de Aprilo 2011 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Ĉiuj ĉefaj urboj de Aŭstralio estas bone situaj en tutmondaj komparaj loĝindicoj;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/06/1075854028808.html|title=Melbourne 'world's top city'|date=6a de Februaro 2004|work=The Age|accessdate=31a de Januaro 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130144426/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/06/1075854028808.html| archivedate= 30a de Januaro 2009 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Melburno atingis la pinton por la kvara jaro en vico de la listo de 2014 de ''[[The Economist]]''' pri plej loĝeblaj urboj de la mondo, sekve de [[Adelajdo]], [[Sidnejo]], kaj Perth en la kvina, sepa kaj naŭa lokoj respektive.<ref>Dyett, Kathleen (19a de Aŭgusto 2014). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-19/melbourne-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-the-fourth-year-running/5681014 "Melbourne named world's most liveable city for the fourth year running, beating Adelaide, Sydney and Perth"], ABC News. Alirita la 14a de Aprilo 2015.</ref> La totala registara ŝuldo en Aŭstralio estas ĉirkaŭ $190 mil milionoj<ref>{{cite web|author=Hughes, Tim |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/money/money-matters/australian-dollar-continues-astronomical-rise-to-30-year-highs-as-us-dollar-euro-tank/story-fn3hskur-1226044717380 |title=Australian dollar continues astronomical rise to 30-year highs as US dollar, euro tank |publisher=Courier Mail |accessdate=26a de Aprilo 2011}}</ref> – 20% el la [[Malneta enlanda produkto|MEP]] en 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/australia/public_debt.html |title=Australia Public debt – Economy |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=9a de Januaro 2012 |accessdate=15a de Aprilo 2012}}</ref> Aŭstralio havas inter la plej altajn domprezojn kaj kelkajn el la plej altajn loĝoŝuldajn nivelojn en la mondo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/nickbryant/2011/04/australian_affordablity.html |title=Nick Bryant's Australia: Australian affordablity |publisher=BBC |accessdate=26a de Aprilo 2011}}</ref>
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[[File:2006Australian exports.svg|thumb|left|300px|alt=World map showing the distribution of Australian goods|Destination and value of Australian exports in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5368.0Apr%202007?OpenDocument |title=5368.0&nbsp;– International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, April 2007 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=31 May 2007 |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref>]]
An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in Australia's [[terms of trade]] since the start of the 21st century, due to rising commodity prices. [[Balance of payments of Australia|Australia has a balance of payments]] that is more than 7% of GDP negative, and has had persistently large [[current account]] deficits for more than 50 years.<ref name="downwonder">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8931798 |title=Might Australia's economic fortunes turn? |work=The Economist |date=29 March 2007 |accessdate=28 May 2010}}</ref> Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.<ref name="downwonder"/> Australia was the only advanced economy not to experience a recession due to the [[Late-2000s recession|global financial downturn]] in 2008–2009.<ref name="IMFOutlook2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/ |title=World Economic Outlook (WEO) 2010 Rebalancing Growth |publisher=International Monetary Fund | accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref> However, the economies of six of Australia's major trading partners have been in recession, which in turn has affected Australia, significantly hampering its economic growth in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/australia-slashes-immigration-as-recession-looms-1646048.html |title=Australia slashes immigration as recession looms |publisher=The Independent |date=16 March 2009 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mclennan |first=David |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/australian-economy-growing-as-new-recession-fears-fade/2130847.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011082911/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/australian-economy-growing-as-new-recession-fears-fade/2130847.aspx |archivedate=11 October 2011 |title=Australian economy growing as new recession fears fade |publisher=The Canberra Times |date=12 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> From 2012 to early 2013, Australia's national economy grew, but some non-mining states and Australia's non-mining economy experienced a recession.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/national-economy-grows-but-some-non-mining-states-in-recession-12670 |title=National economy grows but some non-mining states in recession |publisher=The Conversation |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/mining-punches-through-recession/story-fn7kjcme-1226320756339 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416091909/http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/mining-punches-through-recession/story-fn7kjcme-1226320756339 |archivedate=16 April 2012 |title=Mining punches through recession |publisher=Courier Mail|author=Syvret, Paul |date=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-23/non-mining-states-27going-backwards27/3967622 |title=Non-mining states going backwards|publisher=ABC |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref>
 
[[File:2006Australian exports.svg|thumb|left|300px|alt=World map showing the distribution of Australian goods|DestinationDestino andkaj valuevaloro ofde Australianla exportsaŭstraliaj ineksportoj en 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5368.0Apr%202007?OpenDocument |title=5368.0&nbsp;– International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, April 2007 |publisher=[[ Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=3131a Mayde Majo 2007 |accessdate=1414a de JuneJunio 2010}}</ref>]]
AnEmfazo emphasisal oneksportado exportingde commoditiesvaroj ratherpli thanol manufacturedal goodsfabrikitaj hasproduktoj underpinnedhelpis agravan significantpliigon increaseen inla Australia'skomerco [[termsde ofAŭstralio trade]]ekde sincela thekomenco startde ofla the21a 21st centuryjarcento, duepro tola risingplialtigo commodityde pricesvarprezoj. Aŭstralio havas [[Balance of payments of AustraliaPagopesilo|Australia has a balance of paymentspagopesilon]] thatkiu isestas morepli thanol 7% ofde GDPla negativeMEP negativa, andkaj hasestis hadhavinta persistentlykonstante largegrandajn [[current accountdeficito]]jn de kontanta deficitsmono fordum morepli thanol 50 yearsjaroj.<ref name="downwonder">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8931798 |title=Might Australia's economic fortunes turn? |work=The Economist |date=2929a Marchde Marto 2007 |accessdate=2828a de MayMajo 2010}}</ref> AustraliaAŭstralio haskreskis grownje ataveraĝa anĉiujara averageindico annual rate ofde 3.6% fordum overĉirkaŭ 15 yearsjaroj, inkompare comparisonkun tola theĉiujara OECDaveraĝo annualde averagela of[[OECD]] de 2.5%.<ref name="downwonder"/> AustraliaAŭstralio wasestis thela onlynura advancedprogresinta economyekonomio notkiu tone experiencesuferis arecesion recessionpro due to thela [[Late-2000sEkonomia recessionkrizo de 2008|globaltutmonda financialfinanca downturnkrizo]] inde 2008–2009.<ref name="IMFOutlook2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/ |title=World Economic Outlook (WEO) 2010 Rebalancing Growth |publisher=International Monetary Fund | accessdate=3131a Mayde Majo 2012}}</ref> HoweverTamen, thela economiesekonomioj ofde sixses ofel Australia'sla majorĉefaj tradingkomercaj partnerspartneroj havede beenAŭstralio inestis recessionen recesio, whichkio insiavice turntuŝis has affected AustraliaAŭstralion, significantlygrave hamperingmalhelpante itsties economicekonomian growthkreskon inen recentĵusaj yearsjaroj.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/australia-slashes-immigration-as-recession-looms-1646048.html |title=Australia slashes immigration as recession looms |publisher=The Independent |date=1616a Marchde Marto 2009 |accessdate=2626a de AprilAprilo 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mclennan |first=David |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/australian-economy-growing-as-new-recession-fears-fade/2130847.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011082911/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/australian-economy-growing-as-new-recession-fears-fade/2130847.aspx |archivedate=1111a Octoberde Oktobro 2011 |title=Australian economy growing as new recession fears fade |publisher=The Canberra Times |date=1212a Aprilde Aprilo 2011 |accessdate=2626a Aprilde Aprilo 2011}}</ref> FromEl 2012 toal earlykomenco de 2013, Australia'sla nationallanda economyekonomio grewde Aŭstralio kreskis, butsed somekelkaj nonne-miningminaj statesŝtatoj andkaj Australia'sĝenerale non-miningla economynemina experiencedekonomio ade recessionAŭstralio suferis recesion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/national-economy-grows-but-some-non-mining-states-in-recession-12670 |title=National economy grows but some non-mining states in recession |publisher=The Conversation |accessdate=2222a Marchde Marto 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/mining-punches-through-recession/story-fn7kjcme-1226320756339 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416091909/http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/mining-punches-through-recession/story-fn7kjcme-1226320756339 |archivedate=1616a Aprilde Aprilo 2012 |title=Mining punches through recession |publisher=Courier Mail|author=Syvret, Paul |date=77a de AprilAprilo 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-23/non-mining-states-27going-backwards27/3967622 |title=Non-mining states going backwards|publisher=ABC |accessdate=2222a de MarchMarto 2013}}</ref>
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The [[Bob Hawke|Hawke Government]] [[Floating exchange rate|floated]] the Australian dollar in 1983 and partially deregulated the financial system.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/1998/oct/pdf/bu-1098-2.pdf