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Linio 86:
==Karakteroj==
[[File:Blastulation.png|thumb|
Animaloj havas kelkajn karakterojn kiuj apartigas ilin for el aliaj vivantaj estaĵoj. Animaloj estas [[eŭkariotoj]] kaj multĉelaj,<ref name="Avila1995">{{cite book |author=Avila, Vernon L. |title=Biology: Investigating Life on Earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_OOazzGefEC&pg=PA767 |year=1995 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-86720-942-6 |pages=767–}}</ref><ref name="palaeos">{{cite web |title=Palaeos:Metazoa |url=http://palaeos.com/metazoa/metazoa.html |website=Palaeos |accessdate=25a de Februaro 2018}}</ref> malkiel bakterioj, kiuj estas [[prokariotoj]], kaj malkiel [[protistoj]], kiuj estas eŭkariotoj sed [[unuĉelulo]]j. Malkiel plantoj kaj [[algo]]j, kiuj [[Aŭtotrofo|produkta siajn proprajn nutraĵojn]]<ref name=AnimalCells>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Michael W. |title=Animal Cell Structure |url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html |accessdate=20a de Septembro 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920235924/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html |archivedate=20a de Septembro 2007 |deadurl=no}}</ref> animaloj estas [[heterotrofa]]j,<ref name="palaeos"/><ref name=Windows>{{cite web |last=Bergman |first=Jennifer |title=Heterotrophs |url=http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/heterotrophs.html&edu=high |accessdate=30a de Septembro 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829051950/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link%3D/earth/Life/heterotrophs.html%26edu%3Dhigh |archivedate=29a de Aŭgusto 2007 |deadurl=no}}</ref> kiuj manĝas organikan materialon kaj digestas ĝin interne.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=Angela E. |last2=Raven |first2=John A. |title=Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=358 |issue=1429 |pages=5–17 |date=Januaro 2003 |pmid=12594915 |pmc=1693093 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1188}}</ref> Kun tre malmultaj esceptoj, animaloj spiras [[oksigeno]]n kaj spiras aerobie.<ref name="oxygen">{{cite journal |last1=Mentel |first1=Marek |last2=Martin |first2=William |title=Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche |journal=BMC Biology |volume=8 |pages=32 |year=2010 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-8-32 |pmid=20370917 |pmc=2859860}}</ref> Ĉiuj animaloj kapablas [[Movo|moviĝi]]<ref name=Concepts>{{cite web |url=http://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm |last=Saupe |first=S. G. |title=Concepts of Biology |accessdate=30a de Septembro 2007}}</ref> (kapablaj spontane movi siajn korpojn) dum almenaŭ parto de sia [[Vivciklo (biologio)|vivciklo]], sed kelkaj animaloj, kiel [[spongo]]j, [[koraluloj]], [[mitulo]]j, kaj [[ciripieduloj]], poste iĝas senmovaj. La [[blastulo]] estas stadio en embria disvolviĝo kiu estas unika ĉe plej animaloj,<ref>{{cite book |last=Minkoff |first=Eli C. |title=Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology |year=2008 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |isbn=978-0-7641-3920-8 |edition=2nd, revised |page=48}}</ref> kaj ebligas la [[Ĉela diferenciĝo|diferenciĝon de ĉeloj]] en specialaj histoj kaj organoj.
===Strukturo===
{{redaktata}}
▲All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic [[extracellular matrix]] composed of [[collagen]] and elastic [[glycoprotein]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alberts |first1=Bruce |last2=Johnson |first2=Alexander |last3=Lewis |first3=Julian |last4=Raff |first4=Martin |last5=Roberts |first5=Keith |last6=Walter |first6=Peter |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |year=2002 |publisher=Garland Science |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26810/ |isbn=0-8153-3218-1}}</ref> During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as [[Exoskeleton|shells]], [[bone]]s, and [[spicule (sponge)|spicules]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sangwal |first=Keshra |title=Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications |year=2007 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-06153-4 |page=212}}</ref> In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Becker |first=Wayne M. |title=The world of the cell |year=1991 |publisher=Benjamin/Cummings |isbn=978-0-8053-0870-9}}</ref> Animal cells uniquely possess the [[cell junction]]s called [[tight junction]]s, [[gap junction]]s, and [[desmosome]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Magloire |first=Kim |title=Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition |year=2004 |publisher=The Princeton Review |isbn=978-0-375-76393-9 |page=45}}</ref>
With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and [[placozoa]]ns—animal bodies are differentiated into [[biological tissue|tissues]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EXNFwB-O-WUC&pg=PA362 |title=Biology: Concepts and Applications without Physiology |last=Starr |first=Cecie |date=2007-09-25 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=0495381500 |pages=362, 365}}</ref> These include [[muscle]]s, which enable locomotion, and [[nerve tissue]]s, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal [[Digestion|digestive]] chamber with either one opening (as in flatworms) or two openings (as in deuterostomes).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hillmer |first1=Gero |last2=Lehmann |first2=Ulrich |others=Translated by J. Lettau |title=Fossil Invertebrates |year=1983 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-27028-1 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
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