Aŭgusto Cezaro: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 165:
[[File:Cameo August BM Gem3577.jpg|thumb|upright|La kameo Blakas montranta Aŭguston portanta ''[[gorgoneion]]'' sur tritavola [[onikso|oniksa]] kameo, 20–50 p.K.]]
Tuj post la malgraviĝo de sia malsano, Aŭgusto rezignis sian konsulecon.<ref name="eck 56" /> La nuraj tri aliaj fojoj ke Aŭgusto servos kiel konsulo estos en la jaroj 5 kaj 2 a.K.,<ref name="eck 56" /><ref name="ccaa 26">Eder (2005), 26.</ref> ambaŭfoje por enkonduki siajn nepojn al la publika vivo.<ref name="Davies, p. 259" /> Tio estis inteligenta ruzaĵo de Aŭgusto; ĉesi servi kiel unu el du ĉiujare du elektitaj konsuloj ebligis al aspirantaj senatanoj pli bonan ŝancon por atingi la konsulan postenon, dum ebligis al Aŭgusto plenumi pli ampleksan patronecon ene de la senatana klaso.<ref name="ccaa 36" /> Kvankam Aŭgusto estis rezigninta sian konsulecon, li deziris reteni sian konsulan ''[[Imperiumo|imperium]]'' ne ĝuste en siaj provincoj sed tra la tuta imperio. Tiu deziro, same kiel la afero de Marko Primo, kondukis al dua kompromiso inter li kaj la Senato konata kiel Dua Elstarigo (aŭ Dua Interkonsento).<ref name="eck 57">Eck (2003), 57.</ref>
=== Ĉefaj tialoj por la Dua Interkonsento ===
La ĉefaj tialoj por la Dua Interkonsento estis jenaj. Unue, post Aŭgusto rezignis la ĉiujaran konsulecon, li ne estis plu en oficiala posteno por regadi la ŝtaton, kvankam lia dominanta posteno restis neŝanĝita super siaj Romiaj, 'imperiaj' provincoj kie li estis ankoraŭ [[prokonsulo]].<ref name="eck 56" /><ref name="ccaa 37">Gruen (2005), 37.</ref> Kiam li por unu jaro tenis la postenon de konsulo, li havis la povon por interveni en la aferoj de aliaj provincaj prokonsuloj nomumitaj de la Senato tra la tuta imperio, kiam li konsideris ĝin necese.<ref name="eck 56 57">Eck (2003), 56–57.</ref> Kiam li lasis la ĉiujaran konsulecon, li laŭleĝe perdis tiun povon ĉar liaj prokonsulaj povoj aplikiĝis nur al siaj imperiaj provincoj. Aŭgusto volis reteni tiun povon.
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A second problem later arose showing the need for the Second Settlement in what became known as the "Marcus Primus Affair".<ref name="Southern p. 109">Southern, p. 109; Holland, p. 299</ref> In late 24 or early 23 BC, charges were brought against Marcus Primus, the former proconsul (governor) of Macedonia, for waging a war without prior approval of the Senate on the [[Odrysian]] kingdom of [[Thrace]], whose king was a Roman ally.<ref>Wells, p. 53</ref> He was defended by [[Lucius Lucinius Varro Murena]], who told the trial that his client had received specific instructions from Augustus, ordering him to attack the client state.<ref name="Southern, p. 108">Southern, p. 108</ref> Later, Primus testified that the orders came from the recently deceased Marcellus.<ref>Holland, p. 300</ref> Such orders, had they been given, would have been considered a breach of the Senate's prerogative under the Constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath—i.e., before Augustus was granted ''imperium proconsulare maius''—as Macedonia was a Senatorial province under the Senate's jurisdiction, not an imperial province under the authority of Augustus. Such an action would have ripped away the veneer of Republican restoration as promoted by Augustus, and exposed his fraud of merely being the first citizen, a first among equals.<ref name="Southern, p. 108" /> Even worse, the involvement of Marcellus provided some measure of proof that Augustus' policy was to have the youth take his place as Princeps, instituting a form of monarchy – accusations that had already played out.<ref name="Stern, Gaius p. 23" />
[[File:Augusto come giove, 00-50 dc circa.JPG|thumb|upright|Augustus as [[Jove]], holding a scepter and orb (first half of 1st century AD)]]
The situation was so serious that Augustus himself appeared at the trial, even though he had not been called as a witness. Under oath, Augustus declared that he gave no such order.<ref>Syme, p. 333</ref> Murena disbelieved Augustus' testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his ''[[auctoritas]]''. He rudely demanded to know why Augustus had turned up to a trial to which he had not been called; Augustus replied that he came in the public interest.<ref>Syme, p. 333; Holland, p. 300; Southern, p. 108</ref> Although Primus was found guilty, some jurors voted to acquit, meaning that not everybody believed Augustus' testimony, an insult to the 'August One'.<ref>Wells, p. 53; Raaflaub, p. 426</ref>
The Second Constitutional Settlement was completed in part to allay confusion and formalize Augustus' legal authority to intervene in Senatorial provinces. The Senate granted Augustus a form of general ''imperium proconsulare'', or proconsular imperium (power) that applied throughout the empire, not solely to his provinces. Moreover, the Senate augmented Augustus' proconsular imperium into ''imperium proconsulare maius'', or proconsular imperium applicable throughout the empire that was more (maius) or greater than that held by the other proconsuls. This in effect gave Augustus constitutional power superior to all other proconsuls in the empire.<ref name="eck 57" /> Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and provided veterans with lavish donations to gain their support, thereby ensuring that his status of proconsular imperium maius was renewed in 13 BC.<ref name="ccaa 26" />
=== Akcepto de la nova ordo ===
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