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[[File:Vesalius-copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Unu el la grandaj, detalaj ilustracioj en la verko de [[Andreo Vesalio]] nome ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'', el la 16a jarcento, markante la renaskiĝon de anatomio.]]
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== Historio de anatomio ==
===Antikva anatomio===
[[File:Foetal positions in uterus, pregnant female Wellcome L0000845.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Frua bildo de anatomia trovoj.]]
En 1600 a.K., la [[Papiruso Edwin Smith]], nome [[Antikvegipta medicino|Antikvegipta]] [[Medicino|medicina teksto]], priskribis la [[koro]]n, ties ujojn, la [[hepato]]n, la [[lieno]]n, la [[reno]]jn, la [[hipotalamo]]n, la [[utero]]n kaj la [[Urina veziko|vezikon]], kaj montris la [[sangotubo]]jn diverĝantaj el la koro. La [[Papiruso Ebers]] (ĉ. 1550 a.K.) montras "traktaĵon prikoran", kun la tuboj portantaj ĉiujn sangajn fluaĵojn al aŭ el ĉiu membro de la korpo.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present | last = Porter | first = R. | year = 1997 | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 0-00-215173-1 | pages=49–50}}</ref>
Antikvgrekaj anatomio kaj fiziologio spertis grandajn ŝanĝojn kaj progresojn laŭlonge de la komenco de la mezepoka mondo. En tiu epoko, tiu medicina praktiko etendiĝis pro kontinua disvolviga kompreno de la funkcioj de organoj kaj structuroj de la korpo. Estis faritaj fenomenaj anatomiaj observoj de la homa korpo, kio certe kontribuis al la kompreno de la [[cerbo]], de okuloj, de hepato, reproduktaj organoj kaj de la [[nerva sistemo]].
La [[Ptolemea Regno|Helenisma]] urbo [[Aleksandrio]] estis la mejloŝtono por la grekaj anatomio kaj fiziologio. Aleksandrio ne nur estis hejmo de la plej granda biblioteko por medicina aferoj kaj libroj de la liberalaj artoj en la mondo dum la epoko de la grekoj, sed ĝi estis hejmo ankaŭ de multaj medicinaj praktikantoj kaj filozofoj. Granda patronado de artoj kaj sciencoj fare de [[Ptolemeo|Ptolemeaj]] regantoj helpis plialtigi Aleksandrion rivaligante la kulturajn kaj sciencajn atingojn de aliaj grekaj ŝtatoj.<ref name=Longrigg>{{cite journal|last1=Longrigg|first1=James|title=Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|date=December 1988|volume=21|issue=4|pages=455–488|jstor=4026964|doi=10.1017/s000708740002536x}}</ref>
[[File:The Blue Beryl-Anatomy.jpg|thumb|Prianatomia [[Budhismo|budhisma pentraĵo]], parto de La Blua Berilo de Desi Sangye Gyatso, el la 17a jarcento.]]
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Some of the most striking advances in early anatomy and physiology took place in Hellenistic Alexandria.<ref name=Longrigg /> Two of the most famous anatomists and physiologists of the third century were [[Herophilus]] and [[Erasistratus]]. These two physicians helped pioneer human [[dissection]] for medical research. They also conducted [[vivisection]]s on the cadavers of condemned criminals, which was considered taboo until the Renaissance – Herophilus was recognized as the first person to perform systematic dissections.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bay|first1=Noel Si Yang|last2=Bay|first2=Boon-Huat|title=Greek Anatomists Herophilus: The Father of Anatomy|journal=Anatomy and Cell Biology|date=2010|volume=43|issue=3|pages=280–283|doi=10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.280|pmc=3026179|pmid=21267401}}</ref> Herophilus became known for his anatomical works making impressing contributions to many branches of anatomy and many other aspects of medicine.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Von Staden|first1=H|title=The Discovery of the Body: Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|date=1992|volume=65|issue=3|pages=223–241|pmid=1285450|pmc=2589595}}</ref> Some of the works included classifying the system of the pulse, the discovery that human arteries had thicker walls then veins, and that the atria were parts of the heart. Herophilus's knowledge of the human body has provided vital input towards understanding the brain, eye, liver, reproductive organs and nervous system, and characterizing the course of disease.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bay|first1=Noel Si Yang|last2=Bay|first2=Boon- Huat|title=Greek Anatomist Herophilus: The Father of Anatomy|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|date=2010|volume=43|issue=3|pages=280–283|doi=10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.280|pmc=3026179|pmid=21267401}}</ref> Erasistratus accurately described the structure of the brain, including the cavities and membranes, and made a distinction between its cerebrum and cerebellum <ref>{{cite web|last1=Eccles|first1=John|title=Erasistratus Biography (304B.C-250B.C)|url=http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/12/Erasistratus.html|website=faqs.org|publisher=faqs.org|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> During his study in Alexandria, Erasistratus was particularly concerned with studies of the circulatory and nervous systems. He was able to distinguish the sensory and the motor nerves in the human body and believed that air entered the lungs and heart, which was then carried throughout the body. His distinction between the arteries and veins – the arteries carrying the air through the body, while the veins carried the blood from the heart was a great anatomical discovery. Erasistratus was also responsible for naming and describing the function of the epiglottis and the valves of the heart, including the tricuspid.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Britannica|title=Erasistratus of Ceos: Greek Physician|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasistratus-of-Ceos|website=britannica.com|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Britannica|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> During the third century, Greek physicians were able to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and tendons <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wiltse|first1=LL|last2=Pait|first2=TG|title=Herophilus of Alexandria (325-255 B.C.) The Father of Anatomy|journal=Spine|date=1 September 1998|volume=23|issue=17|pages=1904–1914|pmid=9762750|doi=10.1097/00007632-199809010-00022}}</ref> and to realize that the nerves convey neural impulses.<ref name="Longrigg"/> It was Herophilus who made the point that damage to motor nerves induced paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bay|first1=Noel Si Yang|last2=Bay|first2=Boon-Huat|title=Greek Anatomist Herophilus: The Father of Anatomy|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|date=2010|volume=43|issue=3|pages=280–283|doi=10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.280|pmc=3026179|pmid=21267401}}</ref> Herophilus named the meninges and ventricles in the brain, appreciated the division between cerebellum and cerebrum and recognized that the brain was the "seat of intellect" and not a "cooling chamber" as propounded by Aristotle <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wills|first1=Adrian|title=Herophilus, Ersasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience|journal=The Lancet|date=1999|volume=354|issue=9191|pages=1719–1720|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02081-4|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)02081-4/references|accessdate=November 25, 2015}}</ref> Herophilus is also credited with describing the optic, oculomotor, motor division of the trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear and hypoglossal nerves.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|last1=Von Staden|first1=Heinrich|title=Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria|date=October 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521041782|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/classical-studies/ancient-philosophy/herophilus-art-medicine-early-alexandria-edition-translation-and-essays|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:13th century anatomical illustration.jpg|thumb|13th century anatomical illustration]]
Great feats were made during the third century in both the digestive and reproductive systems. Herophilus was able to discover and describe not only the salivary glands, but the small intestine and liver.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/> He showed that the uterus is a hollow organ and described the ovaries and uterine tubes. He recognized that spermatozoa were produced by the testes and was the first to identify the prostate gland.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/>
The anatomy of the muscles and skeleton is described in the ''[[Hippocratic Corpus]]'', an Ancient Greek medical work written by unknown authors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillispie |first=Charles Coulston | authorlink=Charles Coulston Gillispie |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume=VI | pages=419–427 |year=1972 | publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons | location=New York}}</ref> [[Aristotle]] described [[vertebrate]] anatomy based on animal [[dissection]]. [[Praxagoras]] identified the difference between [[artery|arteries]] and [[vein]]s. Also in the 4th century BCE, [[Herophilos]] and [[Erasistratus]] produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on [[vivisection]] of criminals in [[Alexandria]] during the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic dynasty]].<ref name=Bodies>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=5Xb9e3SLAZwC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=Ptolemaic+vivisection#v=onepage&q=Ptolemaic%20vivisection&f=false | title=Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt |author=Lang, Philippa | publisher=Brill NV | year=2013 | page=256 | isbn=9004218580 }}</ref><ref>[http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/antiqua/alexandrian/ "Alexandrian Medicine"]. ''Antiqua Medicina – from Homer to Vesalius''. University of Virginia.</ref>
In the 2nd century, [[Galen of Pergamum]], an [[anatomist]], [[clinician]], writer and [[Philosophy|philosopher]],<ref name="BritBrit-Galen"/> wrote the final and highly influential anatomy treatise of ancient times.<ref name="pmid1081972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charon NW, Johnson RC, Muschel LH | title = Antileptospiral activity in lower-vertebrate sera | journal = Infect. Immun. | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 1386–91 | year = 1975 | pmid = 1081972 | pmc = 415446 | doi = }}</ref> He compiled existing knowledge and studied anatomy through dissection of animals.<ref name="BritBrit-Galen">{{cite encyclopedia |chapterurl=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum |title=Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD|chapter=Galen of Pergamum |first=Vivien | last=Hutton }}</ref> He was one of the first experimental physiologists through his [[vivisection]] experiments on animals.<ref>Brock, Arthur John (translator) ''[https://archive.org/stream/galenonnaturalfa00galeuoft#page/xxxii/mode/2up Galen. On the Natural Faculties]''. Edinburgh, 1916. Introduction, page xxxiii.</ref> Galen's drawings, based mostly on dog anatomy, became effectively the only anatomical textbook for the next thousand years.<ref name=Boas/> His work was known to [[Renaissance]] doctors only through [[Islamic Golden Age]] medicine until it was translated from the Greek some time in the 15th century.<ref name=Boas/>
===Klasika anatomio===
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