Anatomio: Malsamoj inter versioj
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===Postklasika anatomio===
En Usono, medicinaj lernejoj ekformiĝis ĉirkaŭ la fino de la 18a jarcento. Klasoj de anatomio bezonis kontinuan venon de kadavroj por dissekcoj kaj tiuj estis malfacile akireblaj. [[Filadelfio]], [[Baltimore]] kaj [[Novjorko]] estis famaj pro korporabado kiam krimuloj ŝtelis el la tomboj nokte, elprenante ĵus entombigitajn korpojn el iliaj ĉerkoj.<ref name=trafficdead>{{cite book |author=Sappol, Michael |title=A traffic of dead bodies: anatomy and embodied social identity in nineteenth-century America |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |year=2002 |isbn=0-691-05925-X |url=https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=-9cKRzEx6ywC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Traffic+of+Dead+Bodies}}</ref> Simila problemo ekzistis en Britio kie la postulo de korpoj iĝis tiom granda ke tomborabado kaj eĉ anatomia [[murdo]] estis praktikita por akiri kadavrojn.<ref name="Rosner, Lisa. 2010">Rosner, Lisa. 2010. The Anatomy Murders. Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes. University of Pennsylvania Press</ref> Kelkaj tombejoj tiele estis protektitaj pere de [[gvatoturo]]j. La praktiko estis haltigita en Britio pere de la leĝo ''Anatomy Act'' de 1832,<ref>{{cite book | title=Death, Dissection, and the Destitute | publisher=Penguin | author=Richardson, Ruth | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-14-022862-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy1.html | title=Introductory Anatomy | publisher=University of Leeds | accessdate=25a de Junio 2013 | author=Johnson, D.R.}}</ref> dum en Usono, oni aprobis similan leĝaron post la kuracisto [[William S. Forbes]] de la [[Jefferson Medical College]] estis kulpigita en 1882 pro "kompliceco kun
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The teaching of anatomy in Britain was transformed by Sir [[John Struthers (anatomist)|John Struthers]], [[Regius Professor of Anatomy (Aberdeen)|Regius Professor of Anatomy]] at the [[University of Aberdeen]] from 1863 to 1889. He was responsible for setting up the system of three years of "pre-clinical" academic teaching in the sciences underlying medicine, including especially anatomy. This system lasted until the reform of medical training in 1993 and 2003. As well as teaching, he collected many vertebrate skeletons for his museum of [[comparative anatomy]], published over 70 research papers, and became famous for his public dissection of the [[Tay Whale]].<ref name=pmid1717373426>{{cite journal |vauthors=Waterston SW, Laing MR, Hutchison JD | title = Nineteenth century medical education for tomorrow's doctors | journal = Scottish Medical Journal | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–49 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17373426 | doi=10.1258/rsmsmj.52.1.45}}</ref><ref name="pmid15712576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waterston SW, Hutchison JD | title = Sir John Struthers MD FRCS Edin LLD Glasg: Anatomist, zoologist and pioneer in medical education | journal = The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland | volume = 2 | issue = 6 | pages = 347–351 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15712576 | doi=10.1016/s1479-666x(04)80035-0}}</ref> From 1822 the Royal College of Surgeons regulated the teaching of anatomy in medical schools.<ref name="McLachlan, J. 2006. p.243-53">McLachlan, J. & Patten, D. 2006. Anatomy teaching: ghosts of the past, present and future. Medical Education, 40(3), p. 243–53.</ref> Medical museums provided examples in comparative anatomy, and were often used in teaching.<ref>Reinarz, J. 2005. The age of museum medicine: The rise and fall of the medical museum at Birmingham's School of Medicine. Social History of Medicine, 18(3), p. 419–37.</ref> [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] investigated [[puerperal fever]] and he discovered how it was caused. He noticed that the frequently fatal fever occurred more often in mothers examined by medical students than by midwives. The students went from the dissecting room to the hospital ward and examined women in childbirth. Semmelweis showed that when the trainees washed their hands in chlorinated lime before each clinical examination, the incidence of puerperal fever among the mothers could be reduced dramatically.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534198/Ignaz-Philipp-Semmelweis |title=Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=15 October 2013}}</ref>
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