Charles Darwin: Malsamoj inter versioj
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'''Charles Robert DARWIN''' {{prononco|ĉa:lz '''da:'''ŭ.in|ˈt͡ʃɑːlz ˈrɒbət ˈdɑːwɪn}}, foje esperantigita kiel '''Karlo Roberto Darvino''', membro de la [[Reĝa Societo de Londono]], de la [[Reĝa Geografia Societo]], de la [[Linea Societo de Londono]] kaj de la [[Zoologia Societo de Londono]] (naskiĝis la {{daton|12|februaro|1809}}, mortis la {{daton|19|aprilo|1882}}) estis [[Anglio|angla]] sciencisto, [[natura historio|naturalisto]], [[geologo]] kaj [[biologo]],<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> fama ĉar estis kiu fondis la [[teorio]]n de [[evoluismo]] per [[natura selektado]],<ref> Darwin estis elstara naturalisto, geologo kaj biologo, kaj verkisto. Post laboro kiel helpanto de kuracisto kaj du jaroj kiel medicina studento, li estis edukita kiel pastoro; li estis ankaŭ trejnita ne [[taksidermio]]. Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004 </ref> kiun li klarigis en gravega verko, ''[[La Origino de Specioj]]'' eldonita en [[1859]]. Kune kun la [[genetika teorio]] de la aŭstra monaĥo [[Mendel]]o pri la heredado de trajtoj, la teorio de Darvino preparis la grundon por la moderna scienca [[biologio]].
Lia propono ke ĉiuj specioj de vivo estis descendintaj laŭlonge de la tempo el [[komuna praulo]] estas nuntempe amplekse akceptita, kaj konsiderita fonda koncepto en scienco.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coyne, Jerry A. |title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|year=2009 |pages=8–11|isbn=978-0-670-02053-9}}</ref> En kuna publikigo kun [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], li enkondukis sian sciencan teorion ke tiu [[filogenetiko|branĉiga modelo]] de [[evoluismo]] rezultis el procezo kiun li nomis [[natura selektado]], en kiu la [[lukto por la vivo]] havas similan efikon sur la [[artefarita selektado]] enmetita en la [[selekta reproduktado]].<ref name="Larson79-111">{{Harvnb|Larson|2004| pp=79–111}}</ref>
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Darwin publikigis sian teorion de evoluismo per forta pruvaro en sia libro de 1859 nome ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Why Evolution is True |last = Coyne |first=Jerry A. |authorlink=Jerry Coyne |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923084-6 |page=17 |quote=In ''The Origin'', Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling but not completely decisive.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Forerunners of Darwin |last=Glass |first=Bentley |authorlink=Bentley Glass |year=1959 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD |isbn= 978-0-8018-0222-5|page=iv |quote=Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness}}</ref> Ĉirkaŭ la 1870-aj jaroj, la scienca komunumo kaj majoritato de edukita publiko estis akceptinta la teorion de evoluismo kiel vera fakto. Tamen, multaj favoured [[The eclipse of Darwinism|competing explanations]], and it was not until the emergence of the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.<ref name=JvW>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008}}</ref><ref name=b3847>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=178–179, 338, 347}}</ref> Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the [[life sciences]], explaining the [[diversity of life]].<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107165048/http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html |date=7 January 2007 }} ''darwin-online.org.uk''. Retrieved 2006-12-15<br />{{Harvnb|Dobzhansky|1973}}</ref><ref>As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "''The Origin of Species'' has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." {{cite book |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection |editor=Carroll, Joseph |year=2003 |publisher=Broadview |location= Peterborough, Ontario|isbn= 978-1-55111-337-1|page=15 |url= }}</ref>
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh]]; instead, he helped to investigate [[marine invertebrates]]. Studies at the [[University of Cambridge]] ([[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]) encouraged his passion for [[natural science]].<ref name=whowas>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html About Charles Darwin]}}</ref> His [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|five-year voyage]] on {{HMS|Beagle}} established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported [[Charles Lyell]]'s [[uniformitarian|conception of gradual geological change]], and publication of his [[The Voyage of the Beagle|journal of the voyage]] made him famous as a popular author.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 210, 284–285}}</ref>
Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=263–274}}</ref> Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=184, 187}}</ref> He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|both of their theories]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beddall | first1 = B. G. | title = Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection | journal = Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–323 | year = 1968 | doi = 10.1007/BF00351923 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.<ref name = JvW /> In 1871 he examined [[human evolution]] and [[sexual selection]] in ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'', followed by ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'' (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, [[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms|''The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms'']] (1881), he examined [[earthworm]]s and their effect on soil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/CD_Books.html|title=AboutDarwin.com – All of Darwin's Books|website=www.aboutdarwin.com|access-date=2016-03-30|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401191909/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/CD_Books.html|archivedate=1 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051412/http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|archivedate=11 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and he was honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Westminster Abbey CD" />
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