Dezerto: Malsamoj inter versioj

[kontrolita revizio][kontrolita revizio]
Enhavo forigita Enhavo aldonita
Linio 121:
[[File:Morroco-arid-climate.jpg|thumb|alt=shepherd leaving his sheep outside of Marrakech, Morocco|Paŝtisto apud [[Marakeŝo]] konduka sian brutaron al nova paŝtejo.]]
[[File:Qeshm Museum-Iran 2018.jpg|thumb|Ĉasistoj-kolektistoj de Meza Paleolitiko en dezerta medio, sude de Irano.]]
Popoloj loĝis en dezertoj dum jarmiloj. Multaj, kiel la [[Boŝmanoj]] en [[Kalahari]], la [[Indiĝenaj aŭstralianoj|Indiĝenoj]] en [[Aŭstralio]] kaj variaj triboj de [[Indianoj|Nordamerikaj Indianoj]], estis origine [[ĉasistoj-kolektistoj]]. Ili disvolvigis kapablojn por la manfabrikado kaj la uzado de armiloj, animaltrenado, trovado de akvo, manĝado de manĝeblaj plantoj kaj uzado de aĵoj kiujn ili povis trovi en ties natura medio por plenumi siajn ĉiutagajn bezonojn. TheirIliaj selfmem-sufficientsufiĉigaj skillskapabloj andkaj knowledgesciaroj werepasis passedtra downgeneracioj through the generations by word of mouthperparole.<ref name=Fagan>{{cite book |title=People of the Earth |last=Fagan |first=Brian M. |year=2004 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-205-73567-9 |pages=169–181 }}</ref> OtherAliaj cultureskulturoj developed adisvolvigis [[NomadicNomado|nomadan]] pastoralism[[paŝtoralismo|nomadicvivmanieron]] waykiel of life[[paŝtisto]]j as herders ofde [[sheepŝafo]]j, [[goatkapro]]sj, [[cattlebovo]]j, camels[[kamelo]]j, [[yakgruntbovo]]sj, [[llamalamo]]sj or [[reindeerboaco]]j. TheyIli travelledveturis overtra largegrandaj areasareoj withkun theirsiaj herdsgregoj, movingmovante toilin newal pasturesnovaj aspaŝtejoj seasonaldum andsezona erratickaj rainfallhazarda encouragedpluvo newkuraĝigis plantla growth.kreskon Theyde tooknovaj withplantoj. themIli theirkunportis tentssiajn madetendojn offaritajn clothel or[[tolo]] skins draped[[haŭto]]j overmuntitaj polessuper andfostoj theirkaj dietilia includeddieto milkinkludis [[lakto]]n, blood[[sango]]n kaj foje [[viando]]n andde sometimesiliaj meatbestoj.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dyson-Hudson, Rada |author2=Dyson-Hudson, Neville |year=1980 |title=Nomadic pastoralism |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=9 |pages=15–61 |jstor=2155728 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000311}}</ref>
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[[File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3<!--width for very low image, to help to equalize image area-->|alt=Salt caravan of heavy laden camels in desert|Salt caravan travelling between [[Agadez]] and the [[Bilma]] salt mines]]
The desert nomads were also traders. The Sahara is a very large expanse of land stretching from the Atlantic rim to Egypt. [[Trans-Saharan trade|Trade routes]] were developed linking the [[Sahel]] in the south with the fertile Mediterranean region to the north and large numbers of camels were used to carry valuable goods across the desert interior. The [[Tuareg]] were traders and the goods transported traditionally included [[slave]]s, [[ivory]] and [[gold]] going northwards and salt going southwards. [[Berber people|Berbers]] with knowledge of the region were employed to guide the caravans between the various oases and [[Water well|wells]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masonen, Pekka |year=1995 |title=Trans-Saharan trade and the West African discovery of the Mediterranean |journal=Nordic Research on the Middle East |volume=3 |pages=116–142 |url=http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Masonen.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528202148/http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Masonen.html |archivedate=2013-05-28 |df= }}</ref> Several million slaves may have been taken northwards across the Sahara between the 8th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade |last=Wright |first=John |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96281-7 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0beGIgJF8kC&q=million+slaves#v=snippet&q=million%20slaves&f=false }}</ref> Traditional means of overland transport declined with the advent of motor vehicles, shipping and air freight, but [[Camel train|caravans]] still travel along routes between [[Agadez]] and [[Bilma]] and between [[Timbuktu]] and [[Taoudenni]] carrying salt from the interior to desert-edge communities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahara salt trade camel caravans |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2003/05/photogalleries/salt/ |newspaper=National Geographic News |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2013-09-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134453/http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2003/05/photogalleries/salt/ |archivedate=2013-09-27 |df= }}</ref>
 
[[File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3<!--width for very low image, to help to equalize image area-->|alt=Salt caravan of heavy laden camels in desert|SaltSalkaravano caravanveturanta travelling betweeninter [[Agadez]] andkaj thela salminoj de [[Bilma]] salt mines.]]
TheLa desertdezertaj nomadsnomadoj wereestis alsoankaŭ traderskomercistoj. TheSaharo Saharaestas istre agranda veryetendo largede expansetero ofetenda landel stretchingla fromAtlantika thebordo Atlantical rim to EgyptEgiptio. [[TransTra-Saharansahara tradekomerco|TradeKomercaj routesvojoj]] weredisvolviĝis developedligantaj linking thela [[SahelSahelo]]n insude thekun southla withfekunda theMediteranea fertileregiono Mediterraneannorde regionkaj tograndaj thenombroj northde andkameloj largeestis numbersuzataj ofpro camelsporti werevalorajn usedvarojn totra carryla valuabledezerta goods across the desert interiorinterno. TheLa [[TuaregTuaregoj]] wereestis traderskomercistoj andkaj thela goodsvaroj transportedtransportitaj traditionallytradicie includedestis [[slavesklavo]]sj, [[ivoryeburo]] andkaj [[goldoro]] goingiranta northwardsnorden andkaj salt[[salo]] goingiranta southwardssuden. [[Berber people|BerbersBerberoj]] withkun knowledgesciaro ofpri thela regionregiono wereestis employeduzitaj tokiel guidegvidistoj thede caravansla betweenkaravanoj theinter variousla oasesvariaj andoazoj kaj la [[Water wellPuto|wellsakvoputoj]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masonen, Pekka |year=1995 |title=Trans-Saharan trade and the West African discovery of the Mediterranean |journal=Nordic Research on the Middle East |volume=3 |pages=116–142 |url=http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Masonen.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528202148/http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Masonen.html |archivedate=2013-05-28 |df= }}</ref> SeveralKelkaj millionmilionoj slavesda maysklavoj haveestis beenportitaj takennorden northwardstra acrossSaharo theinter Saharala between8a the 8th andkaj 18th18a centuriesjarcentoj.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade |last=Wright |first=John |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96281-7 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0beGIgJF8kC&q=million+slaves#v=snippet&q=million%20slaves&f=false }}</ref> TraditionalTradiciaj meansrimedoj ofpor overlandsurtera transporttransporto declinedmalpliiĝis withpro thela adventalveno ofde motor vehiclesmotorvehikloj, shipping andŝipebloj airkaj freightaviadiloj, butsed [[Camel train|caravanskaravano]]j stillankoraŭ travelveturas alonglaŭlonge routesde betweenvojoj inter [[Agadez]] andkaj [[Bilma]] andkaj betweeninter [[Timbuktu]] andkaj [[Taoudenni]] carryingportante saltsalon fromel thela interno interioral tola desertdezert-edgelimaj communitieskomunumoj.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahara salt trade camel caravans |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2003/05/photogalleries/salt/ |newspaper=National Geographic News |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2013-09-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134453/http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2003/05/photogalleries/salt/ |archivedate=2013-09-27 |df= }}</ref>
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Round the rims of deserts, where more precipitation occurred and conditions were more suitable, some groups took to cultivating crops. This may have happened when [[drought]] caused the death of herd animals, forcing herdsmen to turn to cultivation. With few inputs, they were at the mercy of the weather and may have lived at bare [[subsistence economy|subsistence]] level. The land they cultivated reduced the area available to nomadic herders, causing disputes over land. The semi-arid fringes of the desert have fragile soils which are at risk of erosion when exposed, as happened in the American [[Dust Bowl]] in the 1930s. The grasses that held the soil in place were ploughed under, and a series of dry years caused crop failures, while enormous dust storms blew the topsoil away. Half a million Americans were forced to leave their land in this catastrophe.<ref>{{cite web | title=First Measured Century: Interview:James Gregory | url=https://www.pbs.org/fmc/interviews/gregory.htm |accessdate=2013-05-25 | publisher=Public Broadcasting Service }}</ref>