Formikedoj: Malsamoj inter versioj

==Vivociklo==

[[Image:Meat eater ant nest swarming02.jpg|thumb|Nesto de purpurformiko ''Iridomyrmex purpureus'' dum svarmado.]]

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The larvae grow through a series of four or five [[moult]]s and enter the pupal stage. The pupa has the appendages free and not fused to the body as in a [[Chrysalis|butterfly pupa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gillott, Cedric |year=1995|title=Entomology|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-44967-3|page=325}}</ref> The differentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different [[caste (biology)|castes]] of workers, is influenced in some species by the nutrition the larvae obtain. Genetic influences and the [[polyphenism|control of gene expression]] by the developmental environment are complex and the determination of caste continues to be a subject of research.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The causes and consequences of genetic caste determination in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) |first1=Kirk E. |last1=Anderson |first2=Timothy A. |last2=Linksvayer |first3=Chris R. |last3=Smith | name-list-format = vanc |journal=Myrmecol. News |volume=11 |pages=119–132 |year=2008 |url=https://myrmecologicalnews.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=250&Itemid=73}}</ref> Winged male ants, called drones, emerge from pupae along with the usually winged breeding females. Some species, such as [[army ant]]s, have wingless queens. Larvae and pupae need to be kept at fairly constant temperatures to ensure proper development, and so often are moved around among the various brood chambers within the colony.<ref>Hölldobler & Wilson (1990), pp. 351, 372</ref>

[[File:Prenolepis imparis, male.jpg|thumb|Alate male ant, ''[[Prenolepis imparis]]'']]

 

[[Image:FlyingAnts.jpg|thumb|Ants mating]]

A wide range of reproductive strategies have been noted in ant species. Females of many species are known to be capable of reproducing asexually through [[thelytoky|thelytokous parthenogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Heinze|first=Jurgen |last2=Tsuji|first2=Kazuki| name-list-format = vanc |year=1995|title=Ant reproductive strategies|journal=Res. Popul. Ecol.|volume=37|issue=2|pages=135–149 |url= http://meme.biology.tohoku.ac.jp/POPECOL/RP%20PDF/37(2)/pp.135.pdf |doi=10.1007/BF02515814 }}</ref> Secretions from the male accessory glands in some species can plug the female genital opening and prevent females from re-mating.<ref name="Mikheyev, a. S. 2003. pp.401">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00040-003-0697-x | title = Evidence for mating plugs in the fire ant ''Solenopsis invicta'' | journal = Insectes Sociaux | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 401–402 | year = 2003 | vauthors = Mikheyev AS }}</ref> Most ant species have a system in which only the queen and breeding females have the ability to mate. Contrary to popular belief, some ant nests have multiple queens, while others may exist without queens. Workers with the ability to reproduce are called "[[gamergate]]s" and colonies that lack queens are then called gamergate colonies; colonies with queens are said to be queen-right.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peeters C, Hölldobler B | title = Reproductive cooperation between queens and their mated workers: the complex life history of an ant with a valuable nest | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 24 | pages = 10977–9 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 11607589 | pmc = 40553 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.24.10977 | bibcode = 1995PNAS...9210977P }}</ref>