James Clerk Maxwell: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 18:
[[File:James Clerk Maxwell's birthplace at 14 India Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Naskoloko de James Clerk Maxwell en 14 India Street, [[Edinburgo]]. Ĝi estas nuntempe hejmo de la [[Fondaĵo James Clerk Maxwell]].]]
James Clerk Maxwell naskiĝis la 13an de junio 1831<ref>{{cite web|title=Early day motion 2048 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2005-06/2048 |accessdate=22 April 2013 |publisher=UK Parliament |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530165850/http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2005-06/2048 |archivedate=30a de majo 2013 }}</ref> en 14 India Street, [[Edinburgo]], al John Clerk Maxwell de Middlebie, advokato, kaj Frances Cay<ref name="oxford_506">{{harvnb|Harman|2004|p=506}}</ref><ref name="Waterston">{{harvnb|Waterston|Macmillan Shearer|2006|page=633}}</ref> filino de ŝiparmea
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===Edukado, 1839–1847===
Recognising the boy's potential, Maxwell's mother Frances took responsibility for his early education, which in the [[Victorian times|Victorian era]] was largely the job of the woman of the house.<ref name=":0" /> At eight he could recite long passages of [[John Milton|Milton]] and the whole of the [[Psalm 119|119th psalm]] (176 verses). Indeed, his knowledge of [[Religious text|scripture]] was already detailed; he could give chapter and verse for almost any quotation from the psalms. His mother was taken ill with [[abdominal cancer]] and, after an unsuccessful operation, died in December 1839 when he was eight years old. His education was then overseen by his father and his father's sister-in-law Jane, both of whom played pivotal roles in his life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=James Clerk Maxwell : a biography|last=Tolstoy|first=Ivan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1981|isbn=0-226-80785-1|location=Chicago|pages=15–16|oclc=8688302}}</ref> His formal schooling began unsuccessfully under the guidance of a 16 year old hired tutor. Little is known about the young man hired to instruct Maxwell, except that he treated the younger boy harshly, chiding him for being slow and wayward.<ref name=":0" /> The tutor was dismissed in November 1841. James' father took him to [[Robert Davidson (inventor)|Robert Davidson]]'s demonstration of electric propulsion and magnetic force on February 12, 1842, an experience with profound implications for the boy.<ref>Anthony F. Anderson (11 June 1981) [https://books.google.ca/books?lr=&id=ONm4--sv5mcC&pg=PA712 Forces of Inspiration], [[The New Scientist]], pages 712,3 via [[Google Books]]</ref>
[[File:Edinburgh Academy - geograph.org.uk - 567821.jpg|alt=|thumb|Edinburgh Academy, where Maxwell was educated]]
Maxwell was sent to the prestigious [[Edinburgh Academy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|1882|pp=19–21}}</ref> He lodged during term times at the house of his aunt Isabella. During this time his passion for drawing was encouraged by his older cousin Jemima.<ref name="mahon_p 12-14">{{harvnb|Mahon|2003|pp=12–14}}</ref> The 10-year-old Maxwell, having been raised in isolation on his father's countryside estate, did not fit in well at school.<ref name="mahon_p 10">{{harvnb|Mahon|2003|p=10}}</ref> The first year had been full, obliging him to join the second year with classmates a year his senior.<ref name="mahon_p 10"/> His mannerisms and [[Galloway]] accent struck the other boys as rustic. Having arrived on his first day of school wearing a pair of homemade shoes and a tunic, he earned the unkind nickname of "[[wikt:daft|Daftie]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Mahon|2003|p=4}}</ref> He never seemed to resent the epithet, bearing it without complaint for many years.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|1882|pp=23–24}}</ref> Social isolation at the Academy ended when he met [[Lewis Campbell (classicist)|Lewis Campbell]] and [[Peter Guthrie Tait]], two boys of a similar age who were to become notable scholars later in life. They remained lifelong friends.<ref name="oxford_506"/>
Maxwell was fascinated by [[geometry]] at an early age, rediscovering the [[regular polyhedra]] before he received any formal instruction.<ref name="mahon_p 12-14"/> Despite winning the school's scripture biography prize in his second year, his academic work remained unnoticed<ref name="mahon_p 12-14"/> until, at the age of 13, he won the school's mathematical medal and first prize for both English and poetry.<ref name="Campbell, p 43">{{harvnb|Campbell|1882|p=43}}</ref>
Maxwell's interests ranged far beyond the school syllabus and he did not pay particular attention to examination performance.<ref name="Campbell, p 43"/> He wrote his first [[scientific paper]] at the age of 14. In it he described a mechanical means of drawing [[Curve|mathematical curves]] with a piece of twine, and the properties of [[ellipse]]s, [[Cartesian ovals]], and related curves with more than two [[Focus (geometry)|foci]]. The work, <ref name="oxford_506"/><ref name="gardner"/> of 1846, "On the description of oval curves and those having a plurality of foci" <ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates in the life of James Clerk Maxwell |url=http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/key_facts_about_maxwell.html |website=[[James Clerk Maxwell Foundation]] |publisher=www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/}} - accessed 2020-03-12</ref> was presented to the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] by [[James David Forbes|James Forbes]], a professor of [[natural philosophy]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]],<ref name="oxford_506"/><ref name="gardner">{{harvnb|Gardner|2007|pp=46–49}}</ref> because Maxwell was deemed too young to present the work himself.<ref name="Mahon_2003_p_16">{{harvnb|Mahon|2003|p=16}}</ref> The work was not entirely original, since [[René Descartes]] had also examined the properties of such [[multifocal ellipse]]s in the 17th century, but he had simplified their construction.<ref name="Mahon_2003_p_16"/>
== Anekdoto ==
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