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Alger Hiss: Malsamoj inter versioj

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Kreis novan paĝon kun "{{Informkesto homo}} '''Alger HISS''' (11a de Novembro, 1904 – 15a de Novembro, 1996) estis usona publika funkciulo akuzita en 1948 je spionado por Sovetunio en la 1930-aj jaroj. Limigaj statutoj estis eksvalidigitaj pri spionado, sed li estis akuzita je falsa ĵuro en konekto kun tiu akuzo en 1950. Antaŭ la juĝo, Hiss estis envolvita en la establado de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj, kiel funkciulo de la Departemento de Ŝtato..."
 
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{{Informkesto homo}}
'''Alger HISS''' (11a de Novembro, 1904 – 15a de Novembro, 1996) estis usona publika funkciulo akuzita en 1948 je [[spionado]] por [[Sovetunio]] en la 1930-aj jaroj. Limigaj statutoj estis eksvalidigitaj pri spionado, sed li estis akuzita je [[falsa ĵuro]] en konekto kun tiu akuzo en 1950. Antaŭ la juĝo, Hiss estis envolvita en la establado de [[Unuiĝintaj Nacioj]], kiel funkciulo de la [[Usona Departemento de Ŝtato|Departemento de Ŝtato]] kaj kiel funkciulo de la Unuiĝintaj Nacioj. En posta vivo li laboris kiel preleganto kaj verkisto.
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OnLa August3an 3de Aŭgusto, 1948, [[Whittaker Chambers]], aiama membro de formerla [[CommunistKomunisma PartyPartio USAde Usono|U.S.Usona CommunistKomunisma PartyPartio]] member, testified under subpoenaatestis beforeantaŭ thela [[HouseKomitato Un-Americanpri ActivitiesKontraŭusona CommitteeAktiveco]] (HUAC) thatke Hiss hadestis secretlysekrete beenestinta akomunisto communistestante whileen infederacia federal serviceservo. Hiss categoricallyabsolute deniedmalakceptis thela chargeakuzon. Dum Duringla themalkovra [[Discoveryinstanco (law)|pretrialantaŭ discoveryla process]]juĝo, Chambers producedproduktis newnovan evidencepruvaron indicatingindikantan, thatke heli andkaj Hiss hadestis beenpartopreninta involveden in espionagespionado. AFederacia federalgranda [[grand jury]]tribunalo indictedakuzis Hiss onpri twodu countskazoj ofde perjuryfalsa ĵuro. Post After a mistrial due to a [[hung jury]]misjuĝo, Hiss was triedestis ajuĝita secondduan timefojon, andkaj inen JanuaryJanuaro 1950, heli wasestis founddeklarita guiltykulpulo andkaj receivedricevis twodu concurrentkvinjarajn five-year sentenceskondamnojn, of whichel hekiuj eventuallyli servedfinfine threeservis andtri ajarojn halfkaj yearsduonon.
 
Diskutoj pri la kazo kaj la valideco de la kondamno rezultis en pli larĝaj debatoj pri la [[Malvarma Milito]], [[Makartiismo]], kaj la etendo de la soveta spionado en Usono.<ref> Rosenbaum, Ron (16a de Julio, 2007). [http://www.slate.com/id/2170415/pagenum/all/ "Alger Hiss Rides Again".] Slate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071211231338/http://www.slate.com/id/2170415/pagenum/all/ Arkivita] el la originalo la 11an de Decembro, 2007. Alirita la 14an de Oktobro, 2021. </ref> Ekde la kondamo al Hiss, asertoj fare de la koncernaj partioj kaj ĵus aperinta pruvaro aldoniĝis al la disputo. Anthony Summers argumentis en 2000 ke ĉar multaj gravaj arkivoj estis ankoraŭ nedisponeblaj, la polemiko Hiss plue estu debatita.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8SvufU3WsisC&pg=PT113 Anthony Summers, ''The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon'' (New York, London: Penguin-Putnam Inc, 2000), p. 77].</ref> En 1995 la dokumentoj ''Venona Papers'' havigis plian subtenon por la teorio, ke li estas soveta spiono, sed tio estis ankoraŭ malakceptita de multaj fontoj.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Barron| first = James| title = Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest| work = The New York Times| date = 16a de Aŭgusto, 2001| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?scp=1&sq=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest&st=cse| access-date = 29a de Aŭgusto, 2009}} ''Vidu ankaŭ'':<br>
Arguments about the case and the validity of the verdict took center stage in broader debates about the [[Cold War]], [[McCarthyism]], and the extent of [[Soviet espionage in the United States]].<ref>{{cite magazine
*"... the vast majority {{sic}}[tiel] of modern American historians today and particularly those specializing in domestic Cold War accept Chambers' overall version of events."▼
| last =Rosenbaum
{{cite web| last = Oshinsky| first = David| title = Transcript, Alger Hiss and History, Inaugural Conference| publisher = New York University, Center for the United States and the Cold War| date = April5a 5de Aprilo, 2007| url = http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/hiss_david_oshinsky.pdf| author-link = David Oshinsky}}<br>▼
| first =Ron
*"Yet the weight of historical evidence indicates that Hiss was ... a member of the communist underground and a Soviet spy." {{Cite news| last =Elson| first =John| title =Gentleman and Spy?| work =Time| date =November 25, 1996| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985571-1,00.html| access-date =August2a 2de Aŭgusto, 2007| archive-date =July 55a de Julio, 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070705102235/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985571-1,00.html| url-status =dead}}▼
| title =Alger Hiss Rides Again
| magazine =Slate
| date =July 16, 2007
| url =http://www.slate.com/id/2170415/pagenum/all/
| access-date = November 13, 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211231338/http://www.slate.com/id/2170415/pagenum/all/| archive-date= December 11, 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
Since Hiss' conviction, statements by involved parties and newly exposed evidence have added to the dispute. Author [[Anthony Summers]] argued in 2000 that since many relevant files continue to be unavailable, the Hiss controversy will continue to be debated.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8SvufU3WsisC&pg=PT113 Anthony Summers, ''The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon'' (New York, London: Penguin-Putnam Inc, 2000), p. 77].</ref> The 1995 [[Venona project|Venona Papers]] prompted more support for the theory that he was a Soviet spy, but were not yet deemed conclusive by many sources.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Barron| first = James| title = Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest| work = The New York Times| date = August 16, 2001| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?scp=1&sq=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest&st=cse| access-date = August 29, 2009}} ''See also'':<br>
▲*"... the vast majority {{sic}} of modern American historians today and particularly those specializing in domestic Cold War accept Chambers' overall version of events."
▲{{cite web| last = Oshinsky| first = David| title = Transcript, Alger Hiss and History, Inaugural Conference| publisher = New York University, Center for the United States and the Cold War| date = April 5, 2007| url = http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/hiss_david_oshinsky.pdf| author-link = David Oshinsky}}<br>
▲*"Yet the weight of historical evidence indicates that Hiss was ... a member of the communist underground and a Soviet spy." {{Cite news| last =Elson| first =John| title =Gentleman and Spy?| work =Time| date =November 25, 1996| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985571-1,00.html| access-date =August 2, 2007| archive-date =July 5, 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070705102235/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985571-1,00.html| url-status =dead}}
*"The case against Hiss, which has been strong but controversial ever since his conviction for perjury... is now overwhelming as a result of new evidence... from the VENONA decrypts, KGB files made available to Weinstein and Vassiliev... and Hungarian interrogation records of Hiss's fellow agent Noel Field."{{cite book|last1=Andrew|first1=Christopher|last2=Mitrokhin|first2=Vasili|title=The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|date=1999|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-00310-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/591 591]|url=https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/591}}
*"In the end, the publication of the Venona intercepts ... settled the matter&mdash; to all but the truest of believers." {{cite web| last =[http://www.law.wisc.edu/profiles/sikutler@wisc.edu Stanley I. Kutler]| title =Rethinking the Story of Alger Hiss| work =FindLaw| date =August 66a de Aŭgusto, 2004| url =http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/books/reviews/20040806_kutler.html}}
''ButSed'':<br>
*"Most historians have conceded the argument to Weinstein. They have done so, however, not because the evidence against Hiss is clear and definitive, but because the evidence box&mdash;filled as it is with a morass of circumstantial detail&mdash;leaves them the easy option of finding him guilty of some form of espionage activity during his murky relationship with Chambers." {{Cite journal| author1 =Bird, Kai| author2 =Chervonnaya, Svetlana| title =The Mystery of Ales| journal =American Scholar| date =Summer 2007| url =http://www.theamericanscholar.org/the-mystery-of-ales-2}}
*"The question of his guilt or innocence remains controversial." [[Svetlana Chervonnaya]]Ĉervonnaja ''[http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/hiss-alger-november-11-1904-november-15-1996 Hiss, Alger (1904 – 1996)]'' DocumentsTalk.com. AccessedAlirita: 2010-09-09.
*InEn 1997, [[Allen Weinstein]], inen thela seconddua editioneldono ofde hissia libro de 1978 booknome ''[[Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]]'', callsnomas thela VenonaVenonan evidencepruvaron "persuasive but not conclusive".{{Harvnb|Weinstein|1997}} pp. 5: pp. 316–317: pp 7: pp. 37, 46–47: pp. 153–157: pp. 163–170: pp. 499: pp. 502: pp. 519: pp. 512</ref>
En la 1990-aj jaroj, du iamaj veteranaj sovetaj militoficiroj responsaj pri la sovetuniaj militspionaj arkivoj asertis, post traserĉado de tiuj arkivoj, ke "la rusia spionservo ne havas dokumentojn provanta, ke Alger Hiss kunlaboris kun nia servio ie aŭ iam," kaj ke Hiss "neniam havis rilaton kun la soveta spionado."<ref>{{Cite book
In the 1990s, two former senior Soviet military officers responsible for the Soviet Union's military intelligence archives stated, following a search of those archives, that the "Russian intelligence service has no documents proving that Alger Hiss cooperated with our service somewhere or anywhere," and that Hiss "never had any relationship with Soviet intelligence."<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Hartshom
| first = Lewis
| title = Alger Hiss, Whittaker Chambers and the Case That Ignited McCarthyism
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| page = viii}}</ref><ref>[https://files.nyu.edu/th15/public/hedem.html Volkogonov on the Hiss Case] ''Remembering Alger Hiss in the Age of Russia-Gate'', 11/26/2018, Jeremy Kuzmarov, ''counterpunch.org''.</ref><ref>[https://algerhiss.com/history/new-evidence-surfaces-1990s/interpreting-russian-files/ ''The Alger Hiss Story''.]</ref> Hiss maintainedinsistis hisen innocencesia untilnekulpeblo hisĝis deathsia morto.
Elŝutita el "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_Hiss"