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'''Gottfried August Bürger''' ([[January 1]], [[1748]] - [[June 8]], [[1794]]), [[Germany|German]] [[poet]], was born at Molmerswende near [[Halberstadt]], of which village his father was the [[Lutheran]] pastor.
 
He was a backward child, and at the age of twelve was practically adopted by his maternal grandfather, Bauer, at [[Aschersleben]], who sent him to the Padagogium at [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]. Hence in [[1764]] he passed to the university, as a student of theology, which, however, he soon abandoned for the study of jurisprudence. here he fell under the influence of CA Klotz (1738-1771), who directed Bürger's attention to literature, but encouraged rather than discouraged his natural disposition to a wild and unregulated life. In consequence of his dissipated habits, he was in [[1767]] recalled by his grandfather, but on promising to reform was in [[1768]] allowed to enter the [[university of Göttingen]] as a [[law]] student.
 
As he continued his wild career, however, his grandfather withdrew his support and he was left to his own devices. Meanwhile he had made fair progress with his legal studies, and had the good fortune to form a close friendship with a number of young men of literary tastes. In the Göttingen ''Musenalmanach'', edited by H Boie and FW Gotter, Burger's first poems were published, and by 1771 he had already become widely known as a poet. In [[1772]], through Boie's influence, Bürger obtained the post of "''Amtmann''" or district magistrate at [[Altengleichen]] near [[Göttingen]]. His grandfather was now reconciled to him, paid his debts and established him in his new sphere of activity.
 
Meanwhile he kept in touch with his Göttingen friends, and when the "''Göttinger Bund''" or "Ham" was formed, Bürger, though not himself a member, kept in close touch with it. In [[1773]] the ballad ''Lenore'' was published in the ''Musenalmanach''. This poem, which in dramatic force and in its vivid realization of the weird and supernatural remains without a rival, made his name a household word in Göttingen. In 1774 he married Dorette Leonhart, the daughter of a Hanoverian official; but his passion for his wife's younger sister Auguste (the "Molly" of his poems and elegies) rendered the union unhappy and unsettled his life. In [[1778]] Bürger became editor of the ''Musenalmanach'', and in the same year published the first collection of his poems. In [[1780]] he took a farm at [[Appenrode]], but in three years lost so much money that he had to abandon the venture. Pecuniary troubles oppressed him, and being accused of neglecting his official duties, and feeling his honour attacked, he gave up his official position and removed in 1784 to Göttingen, where he established himself as ''Privatdozent''.
 
Shortly before his removal thither his wife died ([[July 30]] [[1784]]), and on [[June 29]] in the next year he married his sister-in-law "Molly." Her death in childbirth on [[January 9]] [[1786]] affected him deeply. He appeared to lose at once all courage and all bodily and mental vigour. He still continued to teach in Gottingen; at the jubilee of the foundation of the university in 1787 he was made an honorary doctor of philosophy, and in 1789 was appointed extraordinary professor in that faculty, though without a stipend. In the following year he married a third time, his wife being a certain Elise Hahn, who, enchanted with his poems, had offered him her heart and hand. Only a few weeks of married life with his "''Schwabenmadchen''" sufficed to prove his mistake, and after two and a half years he divorced her. Deeply wounded by [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]]'s criticism, in the 14th and 15th part of the ''Allgemeine Literaturzeitung'' of [[1791]], of the 2nd edition of his poems, disappointed, wrecked in fortune and health, Bürger eked out a precarious existence as a teacher in Göttingen until, ill with tuberculosis, he died there on the 8th of June 1794.
 
Bürger's character, in spite of his utter want of moral balance, was not lacking in noble and lovable qualities. He was honest in purpose, generous to a fault, tender-hearted and modest. His talent for popular poetry was very considerable, and his ballads are among the finest in the German language. Besides ''Lenore'', ''Das Lied vom braven Manne'', ''Die Kuh'', ''Der Kaiser und der Abt'' and ''Der wilde Jäger'' are famous. Among his purely lyrical poems, but few have earned a lasting reputation; but mention may be made of ''Das Blumchen Wunderhold'', ''Lied an den lieben Mend'', and a few love songs. His sonnets, particularly the elegies, are of great beauty.
 
Editions of Bürger's ''Samtliche Schriften'' appeared at Göttingen, 1817 (incomplete); 1829—1833 (8 vols.), and 1835 (One vol.); also a selection by E Grisebach (5th ed, 1894). The ''Gedichte'' have been published in innumerable editions, the best being that by A Sauer (2 vols., 1884). ''Briefe von und an Bürger'' were edited by A Strodtmann in 4 vols. (1874). On Bürger's life see the biography by H PrPble (1856), the introduction to Sauer's edition of the poems, and W. von Wurzbach, ''G. A. Bürger'' (1900).
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