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Rusia malsatego de 1921: Malsamoj inter versioj

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==Historio de la malsatego==
Rusio suferis ses kaj duonjaron je milito, antaŭ komenciĝo de la malsatego. La lastaj jaroj de la [[unua mondmilito]] en oriento <!--estis thebataloj Easten werela fought inside [[ImperialRusia RussiaImperio]]. Moderna Modernmilito warĉiam strainselĉerpas anyiun economy;ajn but for much of the periodekonomion, Russiased hadRusio beenestis cutizolita off,de notla onlykomerco fromde trade with thela [[Centralcentraj Powerspotencoj]], but,(pli withfruaj thepelj closinggravaj ofkomercaj the [[Dardanelles]]partneroj), fromsed thepro restfermo ofde thela world.[[Dardaneloj]] Theeĉ endde ofla grainaliancanoj, exportplia wouldparto atde leastla have meant full granaries, if it weremondo. notLa forfiniĝo thede peculationla andgreneksporto corruptionkomence ofrezultis Imperialplenajn Russiagrenrezervujojn.
 
Antaŭ la malsatego, ĉiuj partoprenantoj de [[rusia enlanda milito]] de 1918-20 - t.e. la bolŝevikoj, blankuloj, la anarĥistoj, la malfideliĝintaj nacioj - provizis sin laŭ la antikva metodo de "vivu el la provinco": ili prenis nutraĵon, kie ĝi kreskis aŭ trovis ĝin; ili donis al sia armeo aŭ la apogantoj kaj rifuzis ties cedon al la malamikoj. En la konfiskado, la bolŝevikoj estis la plej efikaj, sendube apogante al ties venko. La bolŝevika registaro rekviziciis provianton de la kamparanoj, ne aŭ apenaŭ kompensante ilin. Tio kondukis al tio, ke la kamparanoj draste reduktis la produktadon. La bolŝevikoj kredis, ke la kamparanoj penas aktive submini la militan apogon, tiel Lenin ordonis konfiski rikolton, nutraĵon de la kamparanoj, eĉ ofte rezervitajn por popra vivteno kaj semado. En 1920, ordono de Lenin fortigante emfazis la nutraĵ-konfiskon de la kamparanoj. [[Leon Trockij]] argumantis, ke tio okazis printempe de 1920; Lenin eventuale konfesis la eraron.
Before the famine, all sides in the [[Russian Civil War]]s of 1918-20 - the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the Anarchists, the seceding nationalities - had provisioned themselves by the ancient method of "living off the land": they seized food from those who grew it, gave it to their armies and supporters, and denied it to their enemies. The Bolshevik efficiency at this is confirmed by their recently uncovered records; it doubtless contributed to their victory. The Bolshevik government had requisitioned supplies from the peasantry for little or nothing in exchange. This led peasants to drastically reduce their crop production. The Bolsheviks believed that peasants were actively trying to undermine the war effort, so, in retaliation, Lenin had ordered the seizure of the food peasants had grown for their own subsistence and their seed grain. In 1920, Lenin had ordered increased emphasis on the food requisitioning from the peasantry. [[Leon Trotsky]] argued with Lenin that this was failing as early as the spring of 1920; Lenin eventually admitted mistakes. {{Ref|Trotsky}}
 
En junio de 1921, [[Miĥail Tuĥaĉevskij]], pli posta marŝalo, estis sendita al subpremo de la
In June 1921, [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], later Marshal, was sent to suppress the [[Tambov rebellion]], with armored cars and cannon. He ordered the general taking of hostages, especially eldest sons, who were to be shot if their families were found to have guns or have given refuge to rebels. These orders were opposed in higher quarters, and revoked after a month. {{Ref|Black}}▼
 
▲In June 1921, [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], later Marshal, was sent to suppress the [[Tambov rebellion]], with armored cars and cannon. He ordered the general taking of hostages, especially eldest sons, who were to be shot if their families were found to have guns or have given refuge to rebels. These orders were opposed in higher quarters, and revoked after a month. {{Ref|Black}}
 
The [[American Relief Administration]], which [[Herbert Hoover]] had formed to help the starvation of [[World War I]], had offered assistance to Lenin in [[1919]], on condition that they have full say over the [[Russia]]n railway network and hand out food impartially to all; Lenin refused this as interference in Russian internal affairs.{{ref|ARA}}
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