Unuformismo

Unuformismo, konata ankaŭ kiel Doktrino de Unuformeco, estas la kompreno ke la samaj naturaj leĝoj kaj procezoj kiuj funkcias en nuntempaj sciencaj observoj ĉiam funkciis en la universo en la pasinteco kaj estas aplikeblaj ie ajn en la universo.^[1]^[2] Ĝi referencas al la nevario en la metafizikaj principoj kiuj kondiĉigas sciencon, kiel la konstanteco de kaŭzo kaj efiko tra spac-tempo,^[3] sed ĝi estis uzita ankaŭ por priskribi spac-tempan nevarion de la fizikaj leĝoj.^[4] Kvankam temas pri nepruvebla postulato kiu ne povas esti verigita uzante la sciencan metodon, uniformismo estis ŝlosila unua principo de preskaŭ ĉiuj fakoj de scienco.^[5]

En geologio, uniformismo estis inkludita en la gradisma koncepto ke "la nuno estas la ŝlosilo por la pasinto" kaj ke geologiaj okazaĵoj okazas samproporcie nune kiel ĉiam okazis, kvankam multaj modernaj geologoj ne plu subtenas tiun striktan gradismon.^[6] Stampita de William Whewell, ĝi estis origine proponita kontraste al katastrofismo^[7] fare de britaj naturalistoj fine de la 18a jarcento, startante per la verko de la geologo James Hutton en multaj el liaj libroj kiel Theory of the Earth (Teorio de la Tero).^[8] La verko de Hutton estis poste rafinita de sciencisto John Playfair kaj popularigita pere de la verko de la geologo Charles Lyell nome Principles of Geology en 1830.^[9] Nune, la historio de la Tero estas konsiderata kiel malrapida, laŭgrada procezo, markita de okazaj naturkatastrofaj okazaĵoj.

Referencoj redakti

↑ Gordon, 2013: 79
↑ Gould 1965, paĝoj 223–228, "The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science. Without assuming this spatial and temporal invariance, we have no basis for extrapolating from the known to the unknown and, therefore, no way of reaching general conclusions from a finite number of observations."
↑ Gordon, 2013: 82; "The uniformitarian principle assumes that the behavior of nature is regular and indicative of an objective causal structure in which presently operative causes may be projected into the past to explain the historical development of the physical world and projected into the future for the purposes of prediction and control. In short, it involves the process of inferring past causes from presently observable effects under the assumption that the fundamental causal regularities of the world have not changed over time."
↑ Strahler, A.N. 1987. Science and Earth History- The Evolution/Creation Controversy, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, USA. p. 194: “Under the updated statement of a useful principle of uniformitarianism it boils down essentially to affirmation of the validity of universal scientific laws through time and space, coupled with a rejection of supernatural causes.” p. 62: “In cosmology, the study of the structure and evolution of the universe, it is assumed that the laws of physics are similar throughout the entire universe.”
↑ Simpson 1963, paĝoj 24–48, "Uniformity is an unprovable postulate justified, or indeed required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible, and we are justified in seeking—as scientists we must seek—such a rational interpretation."
↑ FARIA, Felipe. Actualismo, Catastrofismo y Uniformitarismo. En: Pérez, María Luisa Bacarlett & Caponi, Gustavo. Pensar la vida: Filosofía, naturaleza y evolución. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, p. 55-80, 2015.[1]
↑ Pidwirny & Scott 1999, "the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events."
↑ James, Hutton. (1785) Theory of the Earth. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
↑ Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science.

Literaturo redakti

Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea (3a eld.). University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
Gordon, B. L. (2013). "In Defense of Uniformitarianism". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 65: 79–86.
Gould, S. J. (1965). "Is uniformitarianism necessary?". American Journal of Science. 263: 223–228. Bibcode:1965AmJS..263..223G. doi:10.2475/ajs.263.3.223.
Gould, S. J. (1984). "Toward the vindication of punctuational change in catastrophes and earth history". In Berggren, W. A.; Van Couvering, J. A. (eds.). In Catastrophes and Earth History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 11.
Gould, Stephen J (1987). Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 119.
Hooykaas, R. (1963). The principle of uniformity in geology, biology, and theology. London: E.J. Brill. p. 38.
Hutton, J (1795). Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations. p. 297.
Simpson, G. G. (1963). "Historical science". In Albritton, Jr., C. C. (eld.). Fabric of geology. Stanford, California: Freeman, Cooper, and Company. pp. 24–48.

Retejoj redakti

Pidwirny, Michael; Jones, Scott (1999). "Fundamentals of Physical Geography, (2a eld.). Chapter 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere, Section C: Concept of Uniformitarianism". University of British Columbia, Okanagan. Alirita la 25an de majo 2019.
Thomson, William (1866). "The "Doctrine of Uniformity" in Geology Briefly Refuted". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. pp. 512–13. Alirita la 25an de majo 2019.

Vidu ankaŭ redakti

Neptunismo

Bibliotekoj

PeEnEo: 644948
LCCN: sh85139690

[1] Gordon, 2013: 79

[gould1965-2] Gould 1965, paĝoj 223–228, "The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science. Without assuming this spatial and temporal invariance, we have no basis for extrapolating from the known to the unknown and, therefore, no way of reaching general conclusions from a finite number of observations."

[3] Gordon, 2013: 82; "The uniformitarian principle assumes that the behavior of nature is regular and indicative of an objective causal structure in which presently operative causes may be projected into the past to explain the historical development of the physical world and projected into the future for the purposes of prediction and control. In short, it involves the process of inferring past causes from presently observable effects under the assumption that the fundamental causal regularities of the world have not changed over time."

[4] Strahler, A.N. 1987. Science and Earth History- The Evolution/Creation Controversy, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, USA. p. 194: “Under the updated statement of a useful principle of uniformitarianism it boils down essentially to affirmation of the validity of universal scientific laws through time and space, coupled with a rejection of supernatural causes.” p. 62: “In cosmology, the study of the structure and evolution of the universe, it is assumed that the laws of physics are similar throughout the entire universe.”

[simpson1963-5] Simpson 1963, paĝoj 24–48, "Uniformity is an unprovable postulate justified, or indeed required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible, and we are justified in seeking—as scientists we must seek—such a rational interpretation."

[6] FARIA, Felipe. Actualismo, Catastrofismo y Uniformitarismo. En: Pérez, María Luisa Bacarlett & Caponi, Gustavo. Pensar la vida: Filosofía, naturaleza y evolución. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, p. 55-80, 2015.[1]

[7] Pidwirny & Scott 1999, "the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events."

[8] James, Hutton. (1785) Theory of the Earth. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.

[9] Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science.

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