Organismo: Malsamoj inter versioj
| [kontrolita revizio] | [kontrolita revizio] |
Enhavo forigita Enhavo aldonita
Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) Neniu resumo de redakto |
Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) Neniu resumo de redakto |
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Linio 46:
| doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x
}}</ref> [[Fungo]]j, [[animalo]]j kaj [[planto]]j estas ekzemploj de [[Regno (biologio)|regnoj]] de organismoj ene de eŭkariotoj.
== Etimologio ==
La termino "organismo" (el [[Greka lingvo|greka]] ὀργανισμός, ''organismos'', el ὄργανον, ''organon'', t.e. "ilo, aparato, sensorgano aŭ prendilo"<ref name=LSJ>{{LSJ|o)/rganon|ὄργανον|ref}}</ref><ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=organism|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=organism&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher= Online Etymology Dictionary }}</ref>) unuafoje aperis en angla lingvo en 1703 kaj ekhavis sian nunan difinon ĉirkaŭ 1834 ([[Oxford English Dictionary]]). Ĝi estas rekte rilata al la termino "organizo". Estas longa tradicio difini organismojn kiel mem-organizantaj estaĵoj.<ref>Kant I., ''Kritik der Urteilskraft'': §64.</ref>
Estis polemiko pri la bona vojo al la difino de organismo<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dupré | first1 = J. | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01909.x | title = The polygenomic organism | journal = The Sociological Review | volume = 58 | pages = 19–99 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1086/656905
| last1 = Folse Hj | first1 = 3.
| last2 = Roughgarden | first2 = J.
| title = What is an individual organism? A multilevel selection perspective
| journal = The Quarterly review of biology
| volume = 85
| issue = 4
| pages = 447–472
| year = 2010
| pmid = 21243964
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Pradeu | first1 = T.
| title = What is an organism? An immunological answer
| journal = History and philosophy of the life sciences
| volume = 32
| issue = 2–3
| pages = 247–267
| year = 2010
| pmid = 21162370
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gardner | first1 = A. | last2 = Grafen | first2 = A. | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01681.x | title = Capturing the superorganism: A formal theory of group adaptation | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 659–671 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19210588| pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-05011-9 | last = Michod | first = R E | title = Darwinian dynamics: evolutionary transitions in fitness and individuality | date = 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 364 | issue = 1533 | pages = 3143–3155 | last = Queller | first = D. C |author2=J. E Strassmann | title = Beyond society: the evolution of organismality | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | date = 2009 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0095 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| author = Santelices B.
| year = 1999
| title = How many kinds of individual are there?
| journal = Trends in ecology & evolution
| volume = 14
| issue = 4
| pages = 152–155
| pmid = 10322523
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10322523
| format =
| accessdate =
| doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01519-5
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wilson | first = R | title = The biological notion of individual | journal = Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date = 2007 }}</ref> kaj pri ĉu tia difino ja necesas.<ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 621–627 | last = Pepper | first = J. W |author2=M. D Herron | title = Does biology need an organism concept? | journal = Biological Reviews | date = 2008 | pmid=18947335 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00057.x }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pages = 301–311 | last = Wilson | first = J | title = Ontological butchery: organism concepts and biological generalizations | journal = Philosophy of Science | date = 2000 | jstor=188676 | volume=67}}</ref> Kelkaj kontribuoj<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1007/BF02705148
| last1 = Bateson | first1 = P.
| title = The return of the whole organism
| journal = Journal of biosciences
| volume = 30
| issue = 1
| pages = 31–39
| year = 2005
| pmid = 15824439
}}</ref> estas respondoj al la sugesto ke tiu kategorio "organismo" povus esti ne taŭga en biologio.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Extended Phenotype |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |authorlink1=Richard Dawkins |year=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192860887 }}</ref>
== Strukturo de ĉelaj organismoj ==
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