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=== Unuaj kontaktoj ===
La [[Eŭropa koloniigo de Ameriko]] grave malpligrandigis la loĝantaron kaj kulturon de la usonaj indiĝenoj. De la 15-a ĝis 19-a jarcentoj ilin ruinigis translokigo, malsanoj, militado kun la eŭropanoj, kaj sklavigo.
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The first Native American group encountered by [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1492, the 250,000 to 1,000,000 [[Arawaks|Island Arawaks]] (more properly called the [[Taino]]) of [[Haiti]] [[Quisqueya]], Cubanacan ([[Cuba]]) and Boriquen [[Puerto Rico]], were enslaved. It is said that only 500 survived by the year 1550, and the group was considered extinct before 1650. Yet DNA studies show that the genetic contribution of the Taino to that region continues, and the mitochondrial DNA studies of the Taino are said to show relationships to the Northern Indigenous Nations, such as Inuit (Eskimo) and others.
In the 15th century, [[Spain|Spaniard]]s and other Europeans brought [[horse]]s to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. Ironically, the horse had originally evolved in the Americas, but the early American horses were game for early human hunters, and went extinct about 7,000 BC, just after the end of the last [[ice age]]. The re-introduction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the [[Great Plains]] of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to greatly expand their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture [[Game (food)|game]].
Europeans also brought [[disease]]s, against which the Native Americans had no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]]. [[Chicken pox]] and [[measles]], though common and rarely fatal among Europeans, often proved fatal to Native Americans, and more dangerous diseases such as [[smallpox]] were especially deadly to Native American populations. It is difficult to estimate the total percentage of the Native American population killed by these diseases. [[Epidemic]]s often immediately followed European exploration, sometimes destroying entire villages. Some historians estimate that up to 80% of some [[population history of American indigenous peoples|Native populations]] may have died due to European diseases.
===Early relations===
The first documented encounter of Europeans on the Eastern seaboard of the United States came with the [[Hernando De Soto#Expedition to Florida 1538-1542|Hernando De Soto expedition]] through the Southern United States from 1539-1542. This expedition was responsible for introducing diseases into that region, and also resulted in several battles with various tribes.
Spain was successful in establishing the first permanent settlement at [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], [[Florida]] in 1565.
The next encounter was the failed [[Roanoke Island#Lost Colony|Roanoke Colony]] led by [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] of [[England]] in 1584. At first, the local tribes bartered with the colonists, but this was during a time of a severe drought, and when the local tribes grew more reluctant to trade, relations deteriorated. The [[Roanoke Island#Gone to Croatoan? Controversy over the lost colony|fate of the colonists is still a controversy]].
England attempted again to colonize, first in 1606 with the [[Popham Colony]] in present-day [[Maine]], and again in 1607 in [[Jamestown Settlement|Jamestown]], [[Virginia]]. The latter became the first permanent English settlement in the United States. The Popham Colony interacted with the [[Western Abenaki|Abeneki]] tribe, but failed to establish cooperation. Jamestown interacted with the [[Paspahegh]] and [[Powhatan]] tribes. The most famous encounter during this period was between [[John Smith]] and [[Pocahontas]].
In 1620, a group of [[Puritans]], who were heading for Virginia, got blown off-course and landed at [[Plymouth Rock]], Massachusetts, instead. In the autumn of 1621, they celebrated a three-day thanksgiving feast with the native [[Wampanoag]] people, without whom they would not have survived the winter of 1620.
Slowly, the American colonies spread, taking away more and more Native American land on the East coast.
In the Spanish sphere, many of the Pueblo people harbored hostility toward the Spanish, primarily due to their denigration and prohibition of the traditional religion (the Spanish at the time being staunchly and aggressively [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]]). The traditional economies of the pueblos were likewise disrupted when they were forced to labor on the [[encomienda]]s of the colonists. However, the Spanish had introduced new farming implements and provided some measure of security against [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]] raiding parties. As a result, they lived in relative peace with the Spanish following the founding of the Northern New Mexican colony in [[Juan de Oñate|1598]]. In the 1670s, however, drought swept the region, which not only caused famine among the Pueblo, but also provoked increased attacks from neighboring [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes--attacks against which Spanish soldiers were unable to defend. At the same time, European-introduced diseases were ravaging the natives, greatly decreasing their numbers. The introduction of these diseases was often intentional, as soldiers handed out blankets and other supplies to the natives that were infested with viruses. Unsatisfied with the protective powers of the Spanish crown and the god of the church it imposed, the [[Pueblo Revolt|Pueblo revolted]] in 1680. In 1692, Spanish control was reasserted, but under much more lenient terms.
===Relations during and after the American Revolutionary war===
During the [[American Revolutionary War]], the newly proclaimed [[United States]] competed with the British for the allegiance of Native American nations east of the [[Mississippi River]]. Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, hoping to use the war to halt further colonial expansion onto Native American land. Many native communities were divided over which side to support in the war. For the [[Iroquois]] Confederacy, the American Revolution resulted in civil war. [[Cherokees]] split into a neutral (or pro-American) faction and the anti-American [[Chickamauga (tribe)|Chickamauga]]s, led by [[Dragging Canoe]].
[[Frontier warfare during the American Revolution]] was particularly brutal, and numerous atrocities were committed on both sides. Noncombatants of both races suffered greatly during the war, and villages and food supplies were frequently destroyed during military expeditions. The largest of these expeditions was the [[Sullivan Expedition]] of 1779, which destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages in order to neutralize Iroquois raids in [[upstate New York]]. The expedition failed to have the desired effect: Native American activity became even more determined.
In fact, the last battle of the Revolutionary War was fought with the participation of the Ohio [[Shawnee]] on the side of the British at the [[Battle of Blue Licks]] on [[August 19]], 1782.
The British made peace with the Americans in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], and had ceded a vast amount of Native American territory to the United States without informing the Native Americans. The United States initially treated the Native Americans who had fought with the British as a conquered people who had lost their land. When this proved impossible to enforce (the Native Americans had lost the war on paper, not on the battlefield), the policy was abandoned. The United States was eager to expand, and the national government initially sought to do so only by purchasing Native American land in [[Treaties of the United States|treaties]]. The states and settlers were frequently at odds with this policy.
===Removal and reservations===
[[Image:Shoshoni tipis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shoshone]] tipis, about 1900]]
:''See also: [[List of Indian reservations in the United States]]
In the 19th century, the incessant Westward expansion of the [[United States]] incrementally compelled large numbers of Native Americans to resettle further west, sometimes by force, almost always reluctantly. Under President [[Andrew Jackson]], Congress passed the [[Indian Removal Act]] of 1830, which authorized the President to conduct treaties to exchange Native American land east of the [[Mississippi River]] for lands west of the river. As many as 100,000 Native Americans eventually relocated in the West as a result of this [[Indian Removal]] policy. In theory, relocation was supposed to be voluntary (and many Native Americans did remain in the East), but in practice great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties. Arguably the most egregious violation of the stated intention of the removal policy was the [[Treaty of New Echota]], which was signed by a dissident faction of [[Cherokee]]s, but not the elected leadership. The treaty was brutally enforced by President [[Martin Van Buren]], which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees (mostly from disease) on the [[Trail of Tears]].
Conflicts, generally known as "[[Indian Wars]]", broke out between [[United States|U.S.]] forces and many different tribes. U.S. government authorities entered numerous treaties during this period, but later abrogated many for various reasons. Well-known military engagements include the Native American victory at the [[Battle of Little Bighorn]] in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at [[Wounded Knee Massacre|Wounded Knee]] in 1890. On [[January 31]], [[1876]], the United States government ordered all remaining Native Americans to move into [[Indian reservation|reservations or reserves]]. This, together with the near-extinction of the [[American Bison]] that many tribes had lived on, set about the downturn of [[Prairie Culture]] that had developed around the use of the horse for hunting, travel and trading.
[[Image:Bismarck Indian School.jpg|thumb|right|Students at the Bismarck Indian School in the early 20th century]]
American policy toward Native Americans has been an evolving process. In the late [[nineteenth century]], reformers, in efforts to "[[civilization|civilize]]" Indians, adapted the practice of educating native children in [[Indian Boarding School]]s. These schools, which were primarily run by [[Christianity|Christian]]s, proved traumatic to Native American children, who were forbidden to speak their [[Indigenous languages of the Americas#Greenland, Canada & USA|native languages]], taught [[Christianity]] instead of their native religions and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their various Native American identities and adopt European-American culture. There are also many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuses occurring at these schools.
The [[Indian Citizenship Act of 1924]] gave United States citizenship to Native Americans, in part because of an interest by many to see them merged with the American mainstream, and also because of the heroic service of many Native American veterans in [[World War 1]].
===Current status===
There are 563 [[List of Native American Tribal Entities|Federally recognized tribal governments]] in the United States. The United States recognizes the right of these tribes to self-government and supports their tribal sovereignty and self-determination. These tribes possess the right to form their own government, to enforce laws (both civil and criminal), to tax, to establish membership, to license and regulate activities, to zone and to exclude persons from tribal territories. Limitations on tribal powers of self-government include the same limitations applicable to states; for example, neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or coin money.
According to 2003 [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates, a little over one third of the 2,786,652 Native Americans in the United States live in three states: [[California]] at 413,382, [[Arizona]] at 294,137 and [[Oklahoma]] at 279,559.
As of 2000, the largest tribes in the U.S. by population were [[Cherokee]], [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]], [[Choctaw]], [[Sioŭ]], [[Chippewa]], [[Apache]], [[Lumbee]], [[Blackfeet]], [[Iroquois]], and [[Pueblo]]. In 2000 eight of ten Americans with Native American ancestry were of mixed blood. It is estimated that by 2100 that figure will rise to nine of ten.
In addition, there are a number of tribes that are [[List of State Recognized American Indian Tribal Entities|recognized by individual states]], but not by the federal government. The rights and benefits associated with state recognition vary from state to state.
Then there are Tribal Nations that have been denied recognition such as the [[Muwekma Ohlone]][http://www.muwekma.org] and the [[Miami tribe]] of [[Indiana]]. Many of the smaller eastern tribes have been trying to gain official recognition of their tribal status. The recognition confers some benefits, including the right to label arts and crafts as Native American and they can apply for grants that are specifically reserved for Native Americans. But gaining recognition as a tribe is extremely difficult because of a [[Catch 22 (logic)|Catch-22]] in the process. To be established as a tribal group, members have to submit extensive [[genealogy|genealogical]] proof of tribal descent, yet in past years many Native Americans denied their Native American heritage, because it would have deprived them of many rights, such as the right of [[probate]].
Military defeat, cultural pressure, confinement on reservations, forced cultural assimilation, outlawing of native languages and culture, termination policies of the 1950s and 1960s and [[Indian Reorganization Act|earlier]], as well as [[Indian slavery|slavery]] have had deleterious effects on Native Americans' mental and physical health. Contemporary health problems include [[poverty]], [[alcoholism]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes]], and [[New World Syndrome]].
As recently as the 1970s, the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] was still actively pursuing a policy of "assimilation", dating at least to the [[Indian Citizenship Act of 1924]]. The goal of assimilation — plainly stated early on — was to eliminate the reservations and steer Native Americans into mainstream U.S. culture. In July 2000 the [[Washington state]] [[Republican Party (United States)|GOP]] adopted a resolution of "termination" for tribal governments. As of 2004, there are still claims of theft of Native American land for the coal and uranium it contains.
In the state of [[Virginia]], Native Americans face a unique problem. Virginia has no federally recognized tribes, largely due to [[Walter Ashby Plecker]]. In 1912, Plecker became the first registrar of the state's Bureau of Vital Statistics, serving until 1946. Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been "mongrelized" with its [[African American]] population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly recognized only two races, "white" and "colored". Plecker pressured local governments into reclassifying all Native Americans in the state as "colored", leading to the destruction of records on the state's Native American community.
Maryland also has a non-recognized tribal nation-the [[Piscataway Indian Nation]]
[[Image:Americanindiansmapcensusbureau.gif|400px|thumb|This Census Bureau map depicts the locations of Native Americans in the United States as of 2000.]]
In order to receive federal recognition and the benefits it confers, tribes must prove their continuous existence since 1900. The federal government has so far refused to bend on this bureaucratic requirement.
In the early 21st century, Native American communities remain an enduring fixture on the United States landscape, in the American economy, and in the lives of Native Americans. Communities have consistently formed governments that administer services like [[firefighting]], [[natural resource]] management, and [[law enforcement]]. Most Native American communities have established [[court]] systems to adjudicate matters related to local ordinances, and most also look to various forms of moral and social authority vested in traditional affiliations within the community. To address the housing needs of Native Americans, Congress passed the ''Native American Housing and Self Determination Act'' (NAHASDA) in 1996. This legislation replaced public housing, and other 1937 Housing Act programs directed towards Indian Housing Authorities, with a block grant program directed towards Tribes.
[[Gambling]] has become a leading industry. [[Casino]]s operated by many Native American governments in the United States are creating a stream of gambling revenue that some communities are beginning to use as leverage to build diversified economies. Native American communities have waged and prevailed in legal battles to assure recognition of rights to self-determination and to use of natural resources. Some of those rights, known as [[tribal treaty rights|treaty rights]] are enumerated in early treaties signed with the young United States government. [[Tribal sovereignty]] has become a cornerstone of American [[jurisprudence]], and at least on the surface, in national legislative policies. Although many Native American tribes have casinos, they are a source of conflict. Most tribes, especially small ones such as the [[Winnemem Wintu]] of [[Redding, California]], feel that casinos and their proceeds destroy culture from the inside out. These tribes refuse to participate in the gaming industry.
The Massachusetts legislature [[repeal|repealed]] a disused 330-year-old law that barred Native Americans from entering Boston on [[May 19]], [[2005]].
In August 2005, the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) banned the use of "hostile and abusive" Native American mascots from postseason tournaments. The use of Native American themed team names in U.S. professional sports is widespread and often controversial, with examples such as [[Chief Wahoo]] of the [[Cleveland Indians]] and the [[Washington Redskins]].
===Blood Quanta===
Historically, a number of tribes practiced the adoption of captives into their group to replace tribe members who had been killed in battle or captured. These captives came from rival tribes and later also from European settlers. Bands or entire tribes occasionally split or merged to form viable groups in reaction to the pressures of climate, disease and warfare. Some tribes also sheltered or adopted white traders and blacks, both runaway slaves and Native American-owned slaves. So a number of paths to genetic mixing existed.
However, to qualify for recognition and assistance from the U.S. federal government or for tribal money and services, Native Americans have to not only belong to a recognized tribal entity but also to qualify as members of that entity. This has taken a number of different forms as each tribal government makes its own rules while the federal government has separate standards in some areas as well. In many cases, this is based on the percentage of Native American blood, or the "blood quanta". This has led to a number of disputes as groups are disallowed or membership restricted, sometimes in disputes over tribal casino income. Some tribes have even begun requiring [[genetic genealogy]] (DNA testing).
Requirements vary widely: the Cherokee require only a descent from an Native American listed on the early 20th century [[Dawes Rolls]] while federal scholarships require enrollment in a federally recognized tribe as well as a [[Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood]] card showing at least a one-quarter percentage of Native American descent. Tribal rules regarding recognition of members with Native American blood from multiple tribes are equally diverse and complex.
Tribal membership conflicts have led to a number of activist groups, legal disputes and even court cases. One example is the [[Cherokee Freedman]], descendants of slaves owned by the Cherokees. The Cherokees had allied with the [[Confederate States of America]] in the [[American Civil War]] and, after the war, were forced by the federal government in an 1866 treaty to free their slaves and make them citizens. They were later disallowed as tribe members due to their not having "Indian blood". However, efforts to obtain membership continue.
==Cultural aspects==
Though cultural features, including language, garb, and customs vary enormously from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are encountered frequently and shared by many tribes.
Early [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes forged stone weapons from around 10,000 years ago; as the age of [[metallurgy]] dawned, newer technologies were used and more efficient weapons produced. Prior to contact with Europeans, most tribes used similar weaponry. The most common implement were the bow and arrow, the war club, and the spear. Quality, material, and design varied widely.
Large mammals such as the mammoth were largely extinct by around 8,000 B.C., and the Native Americans were hunting their descendants, such as [[American Bison|bison]]. The Great Plains tribes were still hunting the bison when they first encountered the Europeans. The acquisition of the horse and horsemanship from the Spanish in the 17th century greatly altered the natives' culture, changing the way in which these large creatures were hunted and making them a central feature of their lives.
[[Image:American indians 1916.jpg|thumb|550px|right|1916 Panoramic view of California Indians]]
===Socio kaj arto===
The [[Iroquois]], living around the [[Great Lakes]] and extending east and north, used strings or belts called ''[[wampum]]'' that served a dual function: the knots and beaded designs mnemonically chronicled tribal stories and legends, and further served as a medium of exchange and a unit of measure. The keepers of the articles were seen as tribal dignitaries.
[[Pueblo peoples]] crafted impressive items associated with their religious ceremonies. ''[[Kachina]]'' dancers wore elaborately painted and decorated masks as they ritually impersonated various ancestral spirits. Sculpture was not highly developed, but carved stone and wood fetishes were made for religious use. Superior weaving, embroided decorations, and rich dyes characterized the textile arts. Both turquoise and shell jewelry were created, as were high-quality pottery and formalized pictorial arts.
[[Navajo]] spirituality focused on the maintenance of a harmonious relationship with the spirit world, often achieved by ceremonial acts, usually incorporating [[sandpainting]]. The colors—made from sand, charcoal, cornmeal, and pollen—depicted specific spirits. These vivid, intricate, and colorful sand creations were erased at the end of the ceremony.
===Religion===
The most widespread religion at the present time is known as the [[Native American Church]]. It is a syncretistic church incorporating elements of native spiritual practice from a number of different tribes as well as symbolic elements from [[Christianity]]. Its main rite is the [[peyote]] ceremony. The church has had significant success in combatting many of the ills brought by colonization, such as [[alcoholism]] and [[crime]]. In the American Southwest, especially [[New Mexico]], a syncretism between the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] brought by Spanish missionaries and the native religion is common; the religious drums, chants, and dances of the [[Pueblo people]] are regularly part of [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]es at [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]'s [[Saint Francis Cathedral]].
Native Americans are the only known [[ethnic]] group in the United States requiring a federal permit to practice their [[religion]]. The [[eagle feather law]], (Title 50 Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations), stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally-recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain [[eagle]] feathers for [[religious]] or [[spiritual]] use. Native Americans and non-Native Americans frequently contest the value and validity of the [[eagle feather law]], charging that the law is laden with discriminatory racial preferences and infringes on tribal sovereignty. The law does not allow Native Americans to give [[eagle]] feathers to non-Native Americans, a common modern and traditional practice. Many non-Native Americans have been adopted into Native American families, made tribal members and given eagle feathers.
Many Native Americans would describe their religious practices as a form of [[spirituality]], rather than [[religion]], although in practice the terms may sometimes be used interchangeably.
===Gender roles===
Most Native American tribes had traditional [[gender role]]s. In some tribes, such as the [[Iroquois]] nation, social and clan relationships were [[matrilinear]] and [[matriarchal]] but several [[Kinship and descent|different systems]] were in use. Men hunted, traded and made war, while women cared for the young and the elderly, fashioned clothing and instruments and cured meat. The [[cradle board]] was used by mothers to carry their baby whilst working or traveling. However, in some (but not all) tribes a kind of [[transgender]] was permited; see [[Two-Spirit]].
===Muziko kaj arto===
{{ĉefa|Muziko de usonaj indiĝenoj}}
[[Image:Mystic River Singers 1024.jpg|thumb|Mystic River Singers performing at a [[powwow]] in 1998]]
[[Native American music]] is almost entirely [[Texture (music)|monophonic]], but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often includes [[drum]]ming and/or the playing of rattles or other percussion instruments but little other instrumentation. [[Native American flute|Flute]]s and whistles made of wood, cane, or bone are also played, generally by individuals, but in former times also by large ensembles (as noted by Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|de Soto]]). The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step.
Performers with Native American parentage have occasionally appeared in American popular music, most notably [[Shania Twain]] (ethnically European, but raised by a [[First Nations of Canada|First Nations]] adoptive father), [[Buffy Sainte-Marie]], [[Robbie Robertson]], [[Rita Coolidge]], [[Wayne Newton]], [[Tori Amos]] and [[Redbone (band)]]. Some, such as [[John Trudell]] have used music to comment on life in Native America, and others, such as [[R. Carlos Nakai]] integrate traditional sounds with modern sounds in instrumental recordings. A variety of small and medium-sized recording companies offer an abundance of recent music by Native American performers young and old, ranging from pow-wow drum music to hard-driving rock-and-roll and rap.
The most widely practiced public musical form among Native Americans in the United States is that of the pow-wow. At [[pow-wow]]s, such as the annual [[Gathering of Nations]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]], members of [[drum group]]s sit in a circle around a large drum. Drum groups play in unison while they sing in a native language and dancers in colorful regalia dance clockwise around the drum groups in the center. Familiar pow-wow songs include honor songs, intertribal songs, crow-hops, sneak-up songs, grass-dances, two-steps, welcome songs, going-home songs, and war songs. Most indigenous communities in the United States also maintain traditional songs and ceremonies, some of which are shared and practiced exclusively within the community.
Native American art comprises a major category in the world art collection. Native American contributions include [[pottery]], [[painting]]s, [[jewelry]], [[weaving]]s, [[sculpture]]s, [[basketry]], and [[carving]]s.
[[Image:Hopi weaver.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hopi]] man weaving on traditional loom]]
Artists have at times misrepresented themselves as having native parentage, most notably [[Johnny Cash]], who traced his heritage to [[Scotland|Scottish]] ancestors and admitted he fabricated a story that he was one-quarter [[Cherokee]]. The integrity of certain Native American artworks is now protected by an act of Congress that prohibits representation of art as Native American when it is not the product of an enrolled Native American artist.
===Economy===
The [[Inuit]], or [[Eskimo]], prepared and buried stocks of dried meat and fish. Pacific Northwest tribes crafted seafaring dugouts 40-50 feet long for fishing. Farmers in the Eastern Woodlands tended fields of maize with hoes and digging sticks, while their neighbors in the Southeast grew tobacco as well as food crops. On the Plains, some tribes engaged in agriculture but also planned buffalo hunts in which herds were efficiently driven over bluffs. Dwellers of the Southwest deserts hunted small animals and gathered acorns to grind into a flour with which they baked wafer-thin bread on top of heated stones. Some groups on the region's mesas developed irrigation techniques, and filled storehouses with grain as protection against the area's frequent droughts.
As these native peoples encountered European explorers and settlers and engaged in trade, they exchanged food, crafts, and furs for trinkets, blankets, iron, and steel implements, horses, firearms, and alcoholic beverages.
==Diferencoj de terminologio==
:''For more detail see, [[Native American name controversy]]''
When [[Christopher Columbus]] arrived in the "[[New World]]", he described the people he encountered as ''Indians'' because he mistakenly believed that he had reached [[India]], the original destination of his voyage. Despite Columbus's mistake, the name ''Indian'' (or ''American Indian'') stuck, and for centuries the native people of the Americas were collectively called ''Indians'' in America, and similar terms in [[Europe]]. The problem with this traditional term is that the peoples of India are, of course, also known as ''Indians''. A usage in British English was to refer to natives of North America as 'Red Indians', though this is now an old fashioned usage and considered insulting.
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