Aŭstralio: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 328:
==Ekonomio==
Aŭstralio laŭ ĉefaj ekonomikaj parametroj okupas la 13-an lokon en la mondo. Gravegan rolon havas [[Minado|mina industrio]] kaj [[agrikulturo]]. La lando havas grandan provizon da energiaj kaj mineralaj krudaĵoj. La [[monunuo]] estas la [[aŭstralia dolaro]]; la [[MEP]] se totala estas de 384 mil milionoj $ kaj pokapa de 18.720 $.
[[File:Kalgoorlie The Big Pit DSC04498.JPG|thumb|alt=A deep opencut mine in which some roads can be seen, the dirt is a rusty colour|La orminejo Super Pit en [[Kalgoorlie]], Okcidenta Aŭstralio, estas la plej granda subĉiela [[minejo]] de la lando.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/20/2877497.htm |title=Government to help Kalgoorlie quake victims |accessdate=2a de Junio 2010 |date=20a de Aprilo 2010 |publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606061719/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/20/2877497.htm| archivedate= 6a de Junio 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref>]]
Aŭstralio estas riĉa lando; ĝi generas sian enspezon el variaj fontoj kiaj min-rilataj eksportoj, telekomunikado, bankado kaj fabrikoj.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cassen|first=Robert |title=Rich Country Interests and Third World Development |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1982 |location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-7099-1930-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.ninemsn.com.au/newsbusiness/8362821/australia-wealthiest-nation-in-world-report|title=Australia, wealthiest nation in the world|date=20a de Oktobro 2011|accessdate=24a de Julio 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/luxury/australians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html|title=Australian's the world's wealthiest|date=31a de Oktobro 2011|accessdate=24a de Julio 2012|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Ĝi havas [[merkata ekonomio|merkatan ekonomion]], relative altan MEP porpersona, kaj relative malalta indico de malriĉo. En terminoj de averaĝa riĉo, Aŭstralio rangis la dua en la mondo post Svisio en 2013, kvankam la indico de la landa malriĉo pliiĝis el 10.2% al 11.8%, el 2000/01 al 2013.<ref name="Credit" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Richest nation but poverty increasing|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/richest-nation-but-poverty-increasing/story-fn3dxiwe-1226738699752?from=public_rss&utm_source=The%20Australian&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=editorial&net_sub_uid=44933799|accessdate=12a de Oktobro 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=12a de Oktobro 2013|author=AAP}}</ref> Ĝi estis identigita de la ''Credit Suisse Research Institute'' kiel la lando kun plej alta averaĝa riĉo en la mondo kaj kun la dua plej alta averaĝa riĉo por plenkreskulo en 2013.<ref name="Credit">{{cite web|title=Global Wealth Reaches New All-Time High|url=http://www.thefinancialist.com/global-wealth-reaches-new-all-time-high/|work=The Financialist|publisher=Credit Suisse|accessdate=10a de Oktobro 2013|author=Credit Suisse Research Institute|date=9a de Oktobro 2013}}</ref>
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The [[Australian dollar]] is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island states]] of [[Kiribati]], [[Nauru]], and [[Tuvalu]]. With the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the [[Australian Securities Exchange]] became the ninth largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/pdf/asx_speech_eric_mayne_061106.pdf|title=On the International Realignment of Exchanges and Related Trends in Self-Regulation – Australian Stock Exchange|format=PDF|accessdate=3 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213134633/http://asx.com.au/about/pdf/asx_speech_eric_mayne_061106.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2010}}</ref>
Ranked third in the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] (2010),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/Australia|title=Australia|publisher=2010 Index of Economic Freedom|accessdate=30 March 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330033949/http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/Australia| archivedate= 30 March 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Australia is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's twelfth largest economy]] and has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|fifth highest per capita GDP]] (nominal) at $66,984. The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2011 [[Human Development Index]] and first in [[Legatum]]'s 2008 [[Legatum Prosperity Index|Prosperity Index]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010 – tables|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=25 April 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429045417/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf| archivedate= 29 April 2011 | deadurl=no}}</ref> All of Australia's major cities fare well in global comparative livability surveys;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/06/1075854028808.html|title=Melbourne 'world's top city'|date=6 February 2004|work=The Age|accessdate=31 January 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130144426/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/06/1075854028808.html| archivedate= 30 January 2009 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Melbourne reached top spot for the fourth year in a row on ''[[The Economist]]'''s 2014 list of the [[World's most livable cities|world's most liveable cities]], followed by Adelaide, Sydney, and Perth in the fifth, seventh, and ninth places respectively.<ref>Dyett, Kathleen (19 August 2014). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-19/melbourne-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-the-fourth-year-running/5681014 "Melbourne named world's most liveable city for the fourth year running, beating Adelaide, Sydney and Perth"], [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</ref> Total government debt in Australia is about $190 billion<ref>{{cite web|author=Hughes, Tim |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/money/money-matters/australian-dollar-continues-astronomical-rise-to-30-year-highs-as-us-dollar-euro-tank/story-fn3hskur-1226044717380 |title=Australian dollar continues astronomical rise to 30-year highs as US dollar, euro tank |publisher=Courier Mail |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> – 20% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/australia/public_debt.html |title=Australia Public debt – Economy |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=9 January 2012 |accessdate=15 April 2012}}</ref> Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest [[household debt]] levels in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/nickbryant/2011/04/australian_affordablity.html |title=Nick Bryant's Australia: Australian affordablity |publisher=BBC |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:2006Australian exports.svg|thumb|left|300px|alt=World map showing the distribution of Australian goods|Destination and value of Australian exports in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5368.0Apr%202007?OpenDocument |title=5368.0 – International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, April 2007 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=31 May 2007 |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref>]]
An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in Australia's [[terms of trade]] since the start of the 21st century, due to rising commodity prices. [[Balance of payments of Australia|Australia has a balance of payments]] that is more than 7% of GDP negative, and has had persistently large [[current account]] deficits for more than 50 years.<ref name="downwonder">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8931798 |title=Might Australia's economic fortunes turn? |work=The Economist |date=29 March 2007 |accessdate=28 May 2010}}</ref> Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.<ref name="downwonder"/> Australia was the only advanced economy not to experience a recession due to the [[Late-2000s recession|global financial downturn]] in 2008–2009.<ref name="IMFOutlook2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/ |title=World Economic Outlook (WEO) 2010 Rebalancing Growth |publisher=International Monetary Fund | accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref> However, the economies of six of Australia's major trading partners have been in recession, which in turn has affected Australia, significantly hampering its economic growth in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/australia-slashes-immigration-as-recession-looms-1646048.html |title=Australia slashes immigration as recession looms |publisher=The Independent |date=16 March 2009 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mclennan |first=David |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/australian-economy-growing-as-new-recession-fears-fade/2130847.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011082911/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/australian-economy-growing-as-new-recession-fears-fade/2130847.aspx |archivedate=11 October 2011 |title=Australian economy growing as new recession fears fade |publisher=The Canberra Times |date=12 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> From 2012 to early 2013, Australia's national economy grew, but some non-mining states and Australia's non-mining economy experienced a recession.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/national-economy-grows-but-some-non-mining-states-in-recession-12670 |title=National economy grows but some non-mining states in recession |publisher=The Conversation |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/mining-punches-through-recession/story-fn7kjcme-1226320756339 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416091909/http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/mining-punches-through-recession/story-fn7kjcme-1226320756339 |archivedate=16 April 2012 |title=Mining punches through recession |publisher=Courier Mail|author=Syvret, Paul |date=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-23/non-mining-states-27going-backwards27/3967622 |title=Non-mining states going backwards|publisher=ABC |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref>
The [[Bob Hawke|Hawke Government]] [[Floating exchange rate|floated]] the Australian dollar in 1983 and partially deregulated the financial system.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/1998/oct/pdf/bu-1098-2.pdf
|title=Australian Monetary Policy in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century
|author=Macfarlane, I. J.
|publisher=Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin
|format=PDF
|date=October 1998
|accessdate=7 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Howard Government]] followed with a [[WorkChoices|partial deregulation of the labour market]] and the further [[privatisation]] of state-owned businesses, most notably in the [[telecommunications in Australia|telecommunications]] industry.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/9369/mrrag.pdf
|title=Microeconomic reforms and the revival in Australia's growth in productivity and living standards
|author=Parham, Dean
|publisher=Conference of Economists, Adelaide
|format=PDF
|date=1 October 2002
|accessdate=7 December 2010
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212150115/http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/9369/mrrag.pdf
|archivedate=12 February 2014}}</ref> The indirect tax system was substantially changed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JATax/2000/23.html|author=Tran-Nam, Binh |title=The Implementation Costs of the GST in Australia: Concepts, Preliminary Estimates and Implications [2000] JlATax 23; (2000) 3(5) |journal=Journal of Australian Taxation 331|publisher=[[Australasian Legal Information Institute]]|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> In [[Taxation in Australia|Australia's tax system]], personal and company [[Income tax in Australia|income tax]] are the main sources of government revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.budget.gov.au/2008-09/content/fbo/html/part_1.htm|title=Part 1: Australian Government Budget Outcome|publisher=Budget 2008–09 – Australian Government|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref>
In May 2012, there were 11,537,900 people employed (either full- or part-time), with an unemployment rate of 5.1%.<ref name="ABSLabourForce">Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6202.0 – Labour Force, Australia, April 2012 [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6202.0/]</ref> Youth unemployment (15–24) stood at 11.2%.<ref name="ABSLabourForce"/> Data released in mid-November 2013 showed that the number of welfare recipients had grown by 55%. In 2007 228,621 [[Newstart Allowance|Newstart unemployment allowance]] recipients were registered, a total that increased to 646,414 in March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Call for end to welfare poverty|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/call-for-end-to-welfare-poverty/story-fn59niix-1226758553935?from=public_rss&utm_source=The%20Australian&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=editorial&net_sub_uid=44933799#|accessdate=15 November 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=13 November 2013|author=Patricia Karvelas}}</ref> According to the Graduate Careers Survey, full-time employment for newly qualified professionals from various occupations has declined since 2011 but it increases for graduates three years after graduation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graduatecareers.com.au/research/surveys/australiangraduatesurvey|title=Australian Graduate Survey|work=graduatecareers.com.au}}</ref><ref>http://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/GCA_GradStats_2014.pdf</ref>
Since 2008, inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, accounts for about 70% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html |title=Australia. CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=22 January 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229010858/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html| archivedate= 29 December 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified natural gas and coal. Although [[Agriculture in Australia|agriculture]] and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.<ref name="Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005].</ref> Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes $5.5 billion per year to the nation's economy.<ref name="wineaustralia1">{{cite news |publisher=wineaustralia |url=http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia/ |title= Wine Australia |accessdate=22 October 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023194405/http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia/| archivedate= 23 October 2010 | deadurl=no}}</ref>
== Demografio ==
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