Mamluka Sultanlando (Kairo): Malsamoj inter versioj
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La '''Mameluka Sultanlando''' ({{lang-ar|سلطنة المماليك}} ''Sulṭanat al-Mamālīk'') estis mezepoka regno kiu enhavis teritoriojn de [[Egiptio]], [[Levantenio]], kaj [[Heĝazo]]. Ĝi daŭris el la superigo de la [[Ajubida Dinastio]] ĝis la [[Otomana konkero de Egiptio]] en 1517. Historiistoj tradicie dividis la epokon de la erao de la regado de Mamelukoj en du periodoj — el kiuj unu kovrus 1250–1382, dum la alia, 1382–1517. Okcidentaj historiistoj nomigas la unuan kiel la "Bahrija dinastio" kaj la lasta kiel "Burjia dinastio" pro la politika dominado fare de la respektivaj estraroj. Nuntempaj islamaj historiistoj referencas la samajn dividaĵoj kiel la "[[Turkaj popoloj|Turka]]"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Levanoni17">Levanoni 1995, p. 17.</ref><ref name=":5" /> kaj "Cirkasia" periodoj por indiki la ŝanĝojn en la etnaj originoj de la majoritato de Mamelukoj.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Mamluk {{!}} Islamic dynasty|url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/Mamluk|website = Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Egypt - The Mamluks, 1250-1517|url = http://countrystudies.us/egypt/17.htm|website = countrystudies.us|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = The Later Crusades, 1189-1311|last = Setton|first = Kenneth M.|publisher = Univ of Wisconsin Press|year = 1969|isbn = 978-0-299-04844-0|location = Wisconsin, USA|pages = 757}}</ref><ref name="Levanoni17"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title = Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert|last = Hillenbrand|first = Carole|publisher = Edinburgh University Press|year = 2007|isbn = 9780748625727|location = Edinburg|pages = 164–165}}</ref>
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The Mamlūk state reached its height under Turkic rule with Arabic culture and then fell into a prolonged phase of decline under the Circassians.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Economic Decline of Circassian Mamluks in Egypt - Open Access Library|url = http://www.oalib.com/paper/1381489#.VkYnRXYrLIU|website = www.oalib.com|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref> The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of [[Mamluks]], soldiers of predominantly [[Cuman people|Cuman]]-[[Kipchaks]] (from [[Crimea]]),<ref>H. B. Paksoy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j56OM_uRA8wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Central+Asian+Monuments&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rQnsU4_NKrPH7Aaf2ICADQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Central%20Asian%20Monuments&f=false Central Asian Monuments], p. 32,</ref> Circassian, [[Abkhazians|Abkhazian]],<ref>Jane Hathaway, The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 104, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=QtlY011yusEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Politics+of+Households+in+Ottoman+Egypt:+The+Rise+of+the+Qazdaglis&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIrfbwu4rNyAIVg44sCh2bpgAA#v=onepage&q=Abkhazian&f=false Online]</ref> [[Oghuz Turks]]<ref>İslam Ansiklopedisi, Volume: 24, Page: 442, [http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=240442 Online]</ref> and [[Georgian people|Georgian]] slave origin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|title=The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt|url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_mameluks1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Isichei | first=Elizabeth | year=1997 | title=A History of African Societies to 1870| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=192}}</ref> While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be "true lords", with social status above citizens of Egypt. Though it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic era.<ref name="GP">{{cite book|last=Perry|first=Glenn E.|title=The History of Egypt|year=2004|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9780313058424|pages=51–52}}</ref>
==Vidu ankaŭ==
* [[Otoman–Mameluka Milito (1516–17)]]
==Referencoj==
<references/>
[[Kategorio:Historio de Egiptio]]
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