Historio de judoj en Nederlando: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Linio 10:
En 1477, pro la geedziĝo de [[Maria (Burgonjo)|Maria de Burgonjo]] al la Arkiduko [[Maksimiliano la 1-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)|Maksimiliano]], filo de la imperiestro [[Frederiko la 3-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)|Frederiko la 3-a]], Nederlando estis unuigita al Aŭstrio kaj ties posedaĵoj pasis al la krono de Hispanio. En la 16a jarcento, pro la persekutoj fare de [[Karlo la 5-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)|Karlo la 5-a]] kaj de [[Filipo la 2-a (Hispanio)|Filipo la 2-a]], Nederlando interplektiĝis en serio de malesperaj kaj heroaj luktoj kontraŭ tiu kreskinta politika kaj religia hegemonioj. En 1522, Karlo la 5-a faris proklamon en Gelderland kaj Utreĥto kontraŭ la kristanoj kiuj suspekte ne obeas la dogmon de la [[Romkatolika Eklezio]], same kiel kontraŭ la judoj kiuj ne iĝu baptitaj; li ripetis tiajn ediktojn en 1545 kaj en 1549, laŭ la [[Protestanta Reformacio|Reformacio]] kreskiĝis. En 1571 la Duko de Alba ordonis al la aŭtoritatoj de Arnhem ke ĉiuj judoj kiuj loĝas tie estu kaptitaj kaj tenitaj ĝis oni determinu pri ili. Je nederlanda peto, la [[Matiaso la 1-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)|Arkiduko Matiaso]] establis religian pacon en plej el la provincoj, kio estis poste garantiita pere de la artikolo 13a de la ''[[Unio de Utrecht|Unie van Utrecht]]'' de 1579.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/dutch/Union_Utrecht_1579.html|title=Union of Utrecht 1579|publisher=}}</ref> Krome, en 1581, la deputitoj de la Unuiĝintaj Provincoj deklaris sendependecon pere de la ''Plakkaat van Verlatinghe'', kiu elpostenigis Filipon kiel monarko. Kiel sekvo de tiuj du okazaĵoj la judoj persekutitaj en Hispanio kaj Portugalio turniĝis al la Nederlanda Respubliko kiel nova loko de rifuĝo.
===Sefardaj
La [[Sefardaj judoj]], foje referencataj kiel ''Hispanaj judoj'', originiĝis el [[Hispanio]] kaj [[Portugalio]], sed ili estis elpelitaj antaŭ jaroj. Multaj ankoraŭ restis en la [[Iberia duoninsulo]], praktikante ĉu sian [[Novkristanoj|novan religion]] publike aŭ [[Judismo]]n sekrete aŭ ambaŭ. La ĵus sendependaj kaj toleremaj nederlandaj provincoj havigis pli favorajn kondiĉojn por ke praktikantoj de Judismo establu komunumon, kaj praktiku sian religion malferme. Ili enmigris ĉefe al [[Amsterdamo]], kaj ĉar ili establis sin tie, kolektive alportis novajn komercajn espertojn kaj konektojn al la urbo. Plej grave, ili ankaŭ alportis konojn pri [[navigado]] el Portugalio kio permesis al nederlandanoj ekkonkurenci por la iberiaj transmaraj kolonioj.
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After having been refused admission to [[Middelburg]] and [[Haarlem]], these [[Anusim]] arrived in Amsterdam in 1593. Among them were prominent merchants and persons with in-demand skills. They labored assiduously in common cause with the people and contributed materially to the prosperity of the country. They became strenuous supporters of the [[House of Orange]] and were in return protected by the stadholder. During the [[Twelve Years' Truce]] the commerce of the Dutch Republic increased considerably and a period of development had arrived. This was particularly true for Amsterdam, where the Marranos had moved their goods and base of operations to maintain their foreign trade relationships, including previous relationships with the Levant and with Morocco. The Emperor of Morocco had an ambassador at [[The Hague]] named [[Samuel Pallache]], through whose mediation, in 1620, a commercial understanding was arrived at with the Barbary States.
The trade developed between the Dutch and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish South America]] was established particularly by these Spanish Jews. They also contributed to the establishment of the [[Dutch West Indies Company]] in 1621, and some of them sat on its directorate. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in Holland. Some years later, the [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch in Brazil]] appealed for more craftsmen of all kinds, and many Jews heeded the call. In 1642 about 600 Jews left Amsterdam, accompanied by two distinguished scholars – [[Isaac Aboab da Fonseca]] and [[Moses Raphael de Aguilar]]. The Jews strongly supported the Dutch Republic in its struggle with Portugal for the possession of Brazil, but with its loss they would seek refuge in other Dutch settlements including in the Caribbean and [[New Amsterdam]].
The Sephardim of Amsterdam would also established trade and commercial relationships with other countries in Europe, and in the early 1620s a substantial number of them would migrate from Holland to the Lower Elbe region.<ref>Jonathan I. Israel, ''European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism 1550–1750'', p.92</ref> In a letter dated 25 November 1622, King [[Christian IV of Denmark]] invited Jews of Amsterdam to settle in [[Glückstadt]], where, among other privileges, they were assured the free exercise of their religion.
[[File:SPAmster.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Interior of the [[Amsterdam Esnoga]], the synagogue for the Portuguese-Israelite ([[Sephardic]]) community which was inaugurated 2 August 1675, and is still being used by the Jewish community.]]
Besides merchants, many physicians were among the Spanish Jews in Amsterdam, including Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family, of whom Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of Prince Maurice in April, 1623. Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the Christian oath compelled for all professorships excluded them. Neither were Jews taken into the trade-guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 (the cities being autonomous) excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. In 1655 a Jew was, exceptionally, permitted to establish a sugar-refinery. Several Sephardic Jews stood out during that time, including [[Menasseh Ben Israel]], who corresponded widely with Christian leaders and helped promote [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|Jewish resettlement in England]]; another was [[Benedictus de Spinoza]] (or Baruch Spinoza), who would be excommunicated from the Jewish community in 1656 after speaking out his ideas concerning (the nature of) God later published in his famous work ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]''.
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