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[[File:Ox testis- FMVZ USP-14.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|Oksaj kojonoj.]]
Ĉe farmsoj estas tre komuna la uzado de [[artefarita fekundigo]] (AF), nome [[helporeprodukta teknologio|medicinhelpita reprodukta tekniko]] konsistanta en la artefarita meto de [[spermo]] en la [[Virinaj seksorganoj|ina sekstubo]].<ref name="Hopper2014">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Hopper|title=Bovine Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxZTBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=insemination&f=false|date=18a de Aŭgusto 2014|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-47085-5}}</ref> Ĝi estas uzata por okazoj kiam la [[spermatozoo]]j ne povas atingi la [[ovodukto]]jn aŭ simple laŭ elekto de la posedanto de la animalo. Ĝi konsistas el transigi, al la [[utero|utera kaverno]], spermatozoojn antaŭe kolektitaj kaj procezitaj, kun selekto de morfologie pli normalaj kaj moveblaj spermatozooj.
{{redaktata}}▼
A cow's [[udder]] contains two pairs of [[mammary gland]]s, (commonly referred to as ''teats'') creating four "quarters".<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Family Cow Handbook |last=Hasheider |first=Phillip|isbn=0-7603-4067-6}}</ref> The front ones are referred to as ''fore quarters'' and the rear ones ''rear quarters''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uvm.edu/extension/agriculture/faccp/files/aglabor_bilingual/milk_quality_posters.pdf |title=Udder Structure & Disease |date=2015-05-06|website=UVM|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073505/https://www.uvm.edu/extension/agriculture/faccp/files/aglabor_bilingual/milk_quality_posters.pdf |archivedate=18 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>▼
 
▲AMamo cow'sde [[udder]]bovino containsenhavas twodu pairsparojn ofde [[mammary glandlaktoglando]]sj, (commonlykreantai referredkvar to as"kvaronojn", ''teatsmamujojn'') creatingaŭ four "quarters"''suĉujojn''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Family Cow Handbook |last=Hasheider |first=Phillip|isbn=0-7603-4067-6}}</ref> TheLa frontdu onesantaŭaj areestas referredpli tomallongaj askaj ''forekonataj quarters''kiel andantaŭsuĉiloj thekaj rearla onesmalantaŭaj ''rearestas quarters''pli longaj kaj dikaj kaj konataj kiel malantaŭsuĉiloj.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uvm.edu/extension/agriculture/faccp/files/aglabor_bilingual/milk_quality_posters.pdf |title=Udder Structure & Disease |date=2015-05-06|website=UVM|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073505/https://www.uvm.edu/extension/agriculture/faccp/files/aglabor_bilingual/milk_quality_posters.pdf |archivedate=1818a de MayMajo 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Ĉefartikolo|Virbovo#Reprodukta anatomio}}▼
Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age. Their fertility is closely related to the size of their [[testicle]]s, and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum: a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches {{convert|28|cm|in|0}}; that of a fully adult bull may be over {{convert|40|cm|in|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/747.pdf |title=G Jayawardhana (2006), ''Testicle Size – A Fertility Indicator in Bulls'', Australian Government Agnote K44. |format=PDF|accessdate=6 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045317/http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/747.pdf |archivedate=16 November 2012 |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/59/2/447.pdf |title=A P Carter, P D P Wood and Penelope A Wright (1980), Association between scrotal circumference, live weight and sperm output in cattle, ''Journal of Reproductive Fertility'', '''59''', pp 447–451. |format=PDF|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref>▼
 
▲{{Ĉefartikolo|Virbovo#Reprodukta anatomio}}
Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the [[retractor penis muscle]] and straightening of the [[sigmoid flexure]].<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=A. |title=Sexual Behaviour In Animals |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsCiWUiPY5UC|isbn=978-81-7141-746-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William O. Reece|title=Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naSWWxJLcd0C|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-1451-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=James R. Gillespie|author2=Frank Flanders|title=Modern Livestock & Poultry Production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z9o_vGPP4cC|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-4283-1808-9}}</ref> [[Induced ovulation (animals)|Induced ovulation]] can be manipulated to produce farming benefits. For example, to synchronise ovulation of the cattle to benefit dairy farming.▼
▲BullsVirbovoj becomeiĝas fertilefekundaj atje aboutĉirkaŭ sevensep monthsmonatoj ofde ageaĝo. Ilia Theirfekundeco fertilityestas istre closelyrilata relatedal tola thegrando sizede of theiriliaj [[testicletestiko]]sj, andkaj onesimpla simpletestado testde offekundeco fertilitymezuras isla tocirklon measurede thela circumference of the scrotum[[skroto]]: ajuna youngvirbovo bullplej isprobable likelyestas tofekunda bepost fertilekiam onceli thisatingas reaches28 {{convert|28|cm|in|0}}; thattiu ofde aplenkreska fullyvirbovo adultpovas bullesti mayĉirkaŭ be over40 {{convert|40|cm|in|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/747.pdf |title=G Jayawardhana (2006), ''Testicle Size – A Fertility Indicator in Bulls'', Australian Government Agnote K44. |format=PDF|accessdate=66a Augustde Aŭgusto 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045317/http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/747.pdf |archivedate=1616a Novemberde Novembro 2012 |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/59/2/447.pdf |title=A P Carter, P D P Wood and Penelope A Wright (1980), Association between scrotal circumference, live weight and sperm output in cattle, ''Journal of Reproductive Fertility'', '''59''', pp 447–451. |format=PDF|accessdate=66a de AugustAŭgusto 2012}}</ref>
▲{{redaktata}}
▲BullsVirbovoj have ahavas fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the [[retractor penis muscle]] and straightening of the [[sigmoid flexure]].<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=A. |title=Sexual Behaviour In Animals |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsCiWUiPY5UC|isbn=978-81-7141-746-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William O. Reece|title=Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naSWWxJLcd0C|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-1451-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=James R. Gillespie|author2=Frank Flanders|title=Modern Livestock & Poultry Production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z9o_vGPP4cC|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-4283-1808-9}}</ref> [[Induced ovulation (animals)|Induced ovulation]] can be manipulated to produce farming benefits. For example, to synchronise ovulation of the cattle to benefit dairy farming.
 
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