Aŭgusto Cezaro: Malsamoj inter versioj
| [kontrolita revizio] | [kontrolita revizio] |
Enhavo forigita Enhavo aldonita
Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) |
Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) |
||
Linio 201:
La akumulado de povoj fare de Aŭgusto estis tiam kompleta. Fakte, li datigis sian 'regadon' el la finkompletigo de la Dua Interkonsento, en la 1a de Julio, 23 a.K.<ref>Everett (2006), 217.</ref> Preskaŭ tiom grave, la Princlanndo tiam havis konstitucian stabilecon. Poste Romiaj imperiestroj estis ĝenerale limigitaj al la povoj kaj la titoloj origine havigitaj al Aŭgusto, kvankam ofte ĵus nomumitaj imperiestroj povis malakcepti unu aŭ pliajn el la honoraj titoloj havigitaj al Aŭgusto por montri humilecon. Dum iliaj regadoj progresis, la imperiestroj povis alproprigi ĉiujn el la titoloj, senkonsidere ĉu ili estis havigitaj al ili fare de la Senato. Poste imperiestroj eksurmetis la civilan kronon, la konsulajn simbolojn, kaj la purpurajn vestaĵojn de triumfanta generalo (''[[Togo (vesto)|toga picta]]''), kiu iĝis la imperia simbolo ankaŭ en la [[Bizanca Imperio|Bizanca]] epoko.
[[File:Hermann warrior.jpg|thumb|''La venka avanco de [[Arminio (Ĥeruska tribestro)|Hermann]]'', priskribo de la [[Batalo de Varus]] de la jaro 9 p.K., de Peter Janssen, 1873]]
Aŭgusto elektis ''Imperator'' ("venka komandantor") kiel sian unuan nomon, ĉar li volis fari emfaze klaran konekton intee li mem kaj la koncepto de venko, kaj sekve li iĝis konata kiel ''Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus'' (Imperiestro Aŭgusto Cezaro Filo de Dio).<ref name="eck 93">Eck (2003), 93.</ref> Ĉirkaŭ la jaro 13, Aŭgusto fanfaronis 21 okazojn en kiuj liaj trupoj proklamis lin "imperator" kiel sia titolo post sukcesa batalo.<ref name="eck 93" /> Preskaŭ la tuta kvara ĉapitro en liaj publikigitaj memoroj de atingoj konataj kiel ''Res Gestae'' estis dediĉitaj al liaj militaj venkoj kaj honoroj.<ref name="eck 93" />
Aŭgusto ankaŭ helpis la idealon de supera Romia civilizacio kun la tasko regadi la mondon (ĝis la etendo laŭ kiu la Romianoj konis ĝin), sento enkorpigita en vortoj kiujn la tiutempa poeto [[Virgilio]] atributas al la legenda praulo de Aŭgusto: ''tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento'' —"Romiano, memoru per via forto regadi la popoloj de la Tero!".<ref name="ccaa 30" /> La elano por [[ekspansiismo]] estis ŝajne elstara inter ĉiuj klasoj en Romo, kaj ĝi ricevis eĉ dian sankcion fare de Jupitero en la verko de Virgilio nome en la Libro 1a de ''[[Eneado]]'', en kiu Jupitero promesasa al Romo ''imperium sine fine'', "senfinan suverenecon".<ref name="eck 95">Eck (2003), 95.</ref>
{{redaktata}}
By the end of his reign, the armies of Aŭgusto had conquered northern Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal)<ref name="eck 94">Eck (2003), 94.</ref> and the [[Alps|Alpine]] regions of [[Raetia]] and [[Noricum]] (modern Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia),<ref name="eck 94" /> [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] and [[Pannonia]] (modern Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, etc.),<ref name="eck 94" /> and had extended the borders of the [[Africa Province]] to the east and south.<ref name="eck 94" />
[[File:Tiberius NyCarlsberg01.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Bust of [[Tiberius]], a successful military commander under Augustus before he was designated as his heir and successor]]
[[Iudaea Province|Judea]] was added to the [[Syria (Roman province)|province of Syria]] when Aŭgusto deposed [[Herod Archelaus]], successor to [[client state|client king]] [[Herod the Great]] (73–4 BC).<ref name="eck 94" /> Syria (like Egypt after Antony) was governed by a high prefect of the equestrian class rather than by a proconsul or legate of Augustus.<ref name="eck 94" />
Again, no military effort was needed in 25 BC when [[Galatia]] (modern Turkey) was converted to a Roman province shortly after [[Amyntas of Galatia]] was killed by an avenging widow of a slain prince from Homonada.<ref name="eck 94" /> The rebellious tribes of [[Asturias]] and [[Cantabria]] in modern-day Spain were [[Cantabrian Wars|finally quelled in 19 BC]], and the territory fell under the provinces of Hispania and [[Lusitania]].<ref name="eck 97">Eck (2003), 97.</ref> This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus' future military campaignsAŭgusto, as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman [[mining]] projects, especially the very rich [[gold]] deposits at [[Las Medulas]].<ref name="eck 97" />
Conquering the peoples of the Alps in 16 BC was another important victory for Rome, since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome's enemies in Germania to the north.<ref name="eck 98">Eck (2003), 98.</ref> [[Horace]] dedicated an ode to the victory, while the monument [[Trophy of Aŭgusto]] near [[Monaco]] was built to honor the occasion.<ref name="eck 98 99">Eck (2003), 98–99.</ref> The capture of the Alpine region also served the next offensive in 12 BC, when Tiberius began the offensive against the Pannonian tribes of Illyricum, and his brother [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] [[Early Imperial campaigns in Germania|moved]] against the Germanic tribes of the eastern [[Rhineland]].<ref name="eck 99">Eck (2003), 99.</ref> Both campaigns were successful, as Drusus' forces reached the [[Elbe]] River by 9 BC—though he died shortly after by falling off his horse.<ref name="eck 99" /> It was recorded that the pious Tiberius walked in front of his brother's body all the way back to Rome.<ref name="bunson 416" />
[[File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|[[Muziris]] in the [[Chera Kingdom]] of [[Southern India]], as shown in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]], with depiction of a "Temple of Aŭgusto" ("Templum Augusti"), an illustration of [[Indo-Roman relations]] in the period]]
[[File:KujulaKadphisesCoinAugustusImitation.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Kushan]] ruler [[Kujula Kadphises]], in the style of Roman emperor Aŭgusto. [[British Museum]]]]
To protect Rome's eastern territories from the [[Parthian Empire]], Aŭgusto relied on the [[client state]]s of the east to act as territorial [[Buffer state|buffers]] and areas that could raise their own troops for defense.<ref name="eck 96">Eck (2003), 96.</ref> To ensure security of the Empire's eastern flank, Augustus stationed a Roman army in Syria, while his skilled stepson Tiberius negotiated with the Parthians as Rome's diplomat to the East.<ref name="eck 96" /> Tiberius was responsible for restoring [[Tigranes V of Armenia|Tigranes V]] to the throne of the Kingdom of Armenia.<ref name="bunson 416" />
[[File:Augustus Prima Porta (detail).PNG|left|thumb|A Parthian returning an ''[[Aquila (Roman)|aquila]]'', relief in the [[heroic cuirass]] of the [[Aŭgusto of Prima Porta]] statue]]
Yet arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with [[Phraates IV of Parthia]] (37–2 BC) in 20 BC for the return of the [[Vexilloid|battle standards]] lost by [[Crassus]] in the [[Battle of Carrhae]], a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome.<ref name="bunson 416">Bunson (1994), 416.</ref><ref name="eck 96" /><ref>Brosius (2006), 96–97, 136–138.</ref> Werner Eck claims that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus' defeat by military means.<ref name="eck 95 96">Eck (2003), 95–96.</ref> However, Maria Brosius explains that Aŭgusto used the return of the standards as [[propaganda]] symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome. The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue [[Augustus of Prima Porta]] and in monuments such as the [[Forum of Augustus|Temple of Mars Ultor]] ('[[Mars (mythology)|Mars the Avenger]]') built to house the standards.<ref>Brosius (2006), 97; see also Bivar (1983), 66–67.</ref>
Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the [[Rhine]] and [[Danube]] rivers.<ref name="eck 96" /> Before the final fight with Antony, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube.<ref name="rowell 13">Rowell (1962), 13.</ref> Victory in battle was not always a permanent success, as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome's enemies in Germania.<ref name="eck 96" />
A prime example of Roman loss in battle was the [[Battle of Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9, where three entire legions led by [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]] were destroyed by [[Arminius]], leader of the [[Cherusci]], an apparent Roman ally.<ref name="eck 101 102">Eck (2003), 101–102.</ref> Aŭgusto retaliated by dispatching Tiberius and Drusus to the Rhineland to pacify it, which had some success although the battle of AD 9 brought the end to Roman expansion into Germany.<ref name="bunson 417">Bunson (1994), 417.</ref> Roman general [[Germanicus]] took advantage of a Cherusci civil war between Arminius and [[Segestes]]; they defeated Arminius, who fled that battle but was killed later in 21 due to treachery.<ref name="Bunson 31">Bunson (1994), 31.</ref>
=== Morto kaj entombigo ===
| |||