Aŭgusto Cezaro: Malsamoj inter versioj

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[[File:Augustus Prima Porta (detail).PNG|left|thumb|Parto redonante ''romian aglon'', reliefo en la heroa [[kiraso]] de la statuo de Aŭgusto de Prima Porta.]]
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Yet arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with [[Phraates IV of Parthia]] (37–2&nbsp;BC) in 20&nbsp;BC for the return of the [[Vexilloid|battle standards]] lost by [[Crassus]] in the [[Battle of Carrhae]], a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome.<ref name="bunson 416">Bunson (1994), 416.</ref><ref name="eck 96" /><ref>Brosius (2006), 96–97, 136–138.</ref> Werner Eck claims that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus' defeat by military means.<ref name="eck 95 96">Eck (2003), 95–96.</ref> However, Maria Brosius explains that Aŭgusto used the return of the standards as [[propaganda]] symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome. The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue [[Augustus of Prima Porta]] and in monuments such as the [[Forum of Augustus|Temple of Mars Ultor]] ('[[Mars (mythology)|Mars the Avenger]]') built to house the standards.<ref>Brosius (2006), 97; see also Bivar (1983), 66–67.</ref>
 
Ŝajne liaj plej grandaj diplomataj atingoj estis negocadi kun Frates la 4-a de Partio (37–2 a.K.) en 20 a.K. por la revenigo de la batalaj standardoj perditaj de [[Kraso]] en la [[Batalo de Carrhae]], simbola venko kaj granda fiero de moralo por Romo.<ref name="bunson 416">Bunson (1994), 416.</ref><ref name="eck 96" /><ref>Brosius (2006), 96–97, 136–138.</ref> Werner Eck asertas ke tio estis granda desaponto por Romianoj kiu serĉas revenĝi la venkon de Kraso pere de militaj rimedoj.<ref name="eck 95 96">Eck (2003), 95–96.</ref> Tamen, Maria Brosius klarigas ke Aŭgusto uzis la revenigon de la standardoj kiel [[propagando]] simboligante la submeton de Partio al Romo. La okazaĵo estis celebrita en arto kiel ĉe la brustokirasa desegno de la statuo de Aŭgusto de Prima Porta kaj en monumentoj kiaj la [[Forumo de Aŭgusto|Templo de Marso Ultor]] ('[[Marso (mitologio)|Marso la Venĝulo]]') konstruita por hejmo de la standardoj.<ref>Brosius (2006), 97; see also Bivar (1983), 66–67.</ref>
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Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the [[Rhine]] and [[Danube]] rivers.<ref name="eck 96" /> Before the final fight with Antony, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube.<ref name="rowell 13">Rowell (1962), 13.</ref> Victory in battle was not always a permanent success, as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome's enemies in Germania.<ref name="eck 96" />