Lukto por la vivo: Malsamoj inter versioj
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Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) Nova paĝo kun 'thumb|350px|En 1879 [[George Bouverie Goddard priskribis "La lukto por ekzistado" kiel lukto ĝismorte inter lupoj.]] File:Yucc...' |
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[[File:George Bouverie Goddard04a.jpg|thumb|350px|En 1879 [[George Bouverie Goddard]] priskribis "La lukto por ekzistado" kiel lukto ĝismorte inter [[Lupo|lupoj]].]]
[[File:Yucca carnerosana fh 1179.26 TX B.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles Darwin]] uzis la terminon tre larĝasence, kaj metis kiel ekzemplo "planto sur la bordo de dezerto" luktante por malsekeco.<ref>{{harvnb|Darwin|1859|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=77&itemID=F373&viewtype=text 62]}}</ref> ]]
La koncepto de '''lukto por la vivo''' aŭ '''lukto por la ekzisto''' rilatas al la konkurenco aŭ batalo por rimedoj necesaj por la vivo. Ĝi povas referenci al la homa societo, aŭ al
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[[Charles Darwin]] uzis la esprimon "lukto por la ekzisto" en larĝa senco, kaj elektis la terminon kiel titolo de la tria ĉapitro de ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' published in 1859. Using Malthus’s idea of the struggle for existence, Darwin was able to develop his view of adaptation, which was highly influential in the formulation of the theory of natural selection.<ref name="Ospovat">Ospovat, Dov. ''The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, 61-86.</ref> In addition, Alfred Wallace independently used the concept of the struggle for existence to help come to the same theory of evolution.<ref name="Petersen">Petersen, William. ''Malthus.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1979, 219-223.</ref> Later, [[T.H. Huxley]] further developed the idea of the struggle for existence. Huxley did not fully agree with Darwin on natural selection, but he did agree that there was a struggle for existence in nature.<ref name="Paradis">Paradis, James G. ''T.H. Huxley: man's place in nature.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978, 145.</ref> Huxley also recognized that a struggle for existence existed between competing ideas within the minds of people engaged in intellectual discussion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huxley|first=Thomas Henry|year=1880|title=The coming of age of 'The Origin of Species'.|url=|journal=Science|volume=1|issue=1|pages=15–17|via=|doi=10.1126/science.os-1.2.15|pmid=17751948}}</ref> This view is an early example of what was later described as [[meme]] theory. ▼
▲[[Charles Darwin]] uzis la esprimon "lukto por la ekzisto" en larĝa senco, kaj elektis la terminon kiel titolo de la tria ĉapitro de ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''
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While the idea of the struggle for existence was developing in the western world, there were other interpretations of the struggle for existence, especially by [[Peter Kropotkin]] in Russia.<ref name="Todes">Todes, Daniel Philip. ''Darwin without Malthus the struggle for existence in Russian evolutionary thought.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.</ref> Also, the struggle for existence was questioned in the United States in the 1930s, as the idea of [[cooperation]] among organisms became popular.<ref name=":1" /> More recently, it has been argued that the struggle for existence is not as important on macroevolutionary time scales.<ref name="Bennett">Bennett, K. D. ''Evolution and Ecology: The Pace of Life''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.</ref>
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