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James Clerk Maxwell: Malsamoj inter versioj

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Linio 11:
Maxwell okupiĝis ankaŭ pri [[termodinamiko]]. Li inventis konatan [[pensa eksperimento|penseksperimenton]] pri demono (la "demoneto de Maxwell"), kiu kapablu distingi inter rapidaj kaj malrapidaj [[molekulo]]j de enfermita gaso kaj lasi la rapidajn transiri al apuda ujo. Ĉar tiel eblus generi energion (varmon) el nenio, tia demoneto kontraŭas la duan teoremon de termodinamiko. Efektive postaj fizikistoj montris, ke la mezurado de la molekula rapido (kiun la demoneto ja devus fari) detruas la energi-gajnan efikon.
 
Liaj malkovroj helpis enkonduki en la epoko de moderna fiziko, metante la fundamenton por kampoj kiaj [[Teorio de la relativeco|speciala relativeco]] kaj [[kvantuma mekaniko]]. Multaj fizikistoj konsideras Maxwell kiel la sciencisto de la 19a jarcento kiu havis la plej grandan influon en la fiziko de la 20a jarcento. HisLiaj contributionskontribuoj toal thela sciencescienco areestas consideredkonsiderataj byde manymultaj tokiel bede ofla thesama samegraveco magnitudekiel astiuj those ofde [[Isaac Newton]] andkaj [[Albert Einstein.[7]].<ref> InTolstoy, theIvan millennium(1981). poll—aJames surveyClerk Maxwell: a biography. Chicago: University of theChicago Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-226-80785-1. OCLC 8688302. </ref> En la jarmila esplorenketo pri la 100 mostplej prominentelstaraj physicists—Maxwellfizikistoj, wasMaxwell votedestis thevoĉdonita thirdla greatesttria physicistplej ofgranda allfizikisto de ĉiuj timetempoj, behindmalantaŭ onlynur Newton andkaj Einstein.<ref>[8]http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/541840.stm On"Einstein the centenarygreatest".] ofBBC Maxwell'sNews. birthday[[BBC]]. 29a de novembro 1999. Arkivita el la originalo en 11a de januaro 2009. Alirita la 30an de marto 2020. </ref> En la centjariĝo de la naskiĝo de Maxwell, Einstein describedpriskribis Maxwell'sla workverkaron asde theMaxwell "mostkiel profoundla and"plej theprofunda mostkaj fruitfulplej thatfruktodona physicskiun hasfiziko experiencedspertis sinceekde thela timeepoko ofde Newton".<ref> McFall, Patrick (23a de aprilo 2006). [9http://www.maxwellyear2006.org/html/press_coverage.html#Press5 "Brainy young James wasn't so daft after all".] The Sunday Post. maxwellyear2006.org. Arkivita el la originalo en 20a de junio 2013. Alirita la 30an de marto 2020. </ref> Al Einstein, whenkiam heli visitedvizitis thela UniversityUniversitaton ofde CambridgeKembriĝo inen 1922, wasdiris toldlia bygastiganto, hiske hostli thatestis hefarinta hadgrandajn doneaferojn greatĉar thingsli becausestaris hesur stoodla onŝultroj Newton'sde shouldersNewton; Einstein repliedrespondis: "No I don'tNe. IMi standstaras onsur thela shouldersŝultroj ofde Maxwell".[10]<ref> Mary Shine Thompson,2009, The Fire l' the Flint,p.103; Four Courts </ref>
 
==Vivo==
 
===Frua vivo, 1831–1839===
[[File:James Clerk Maxwell's birthplace at 14 India Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Naskoloko de James Clerk Maxwell en 14 India Street, [[Edinburgo]]. Ĝi estas nuntempe hejmo de la [[Fondaĵo James Clerk Maxwell]].]]
 
James Clerk Maxwell naskiĝis la 13an de junio 1831<ref>{{cite web|title=Early day motion 2048 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2005-06/2048 |accessdate=22 April 2013 |publisher=UK Parliament |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530165850/http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2005-06/2048 |archivedate=30a de majo 2013 }}</ref> en 14 India Street, [[Edinburgo]], al John Clerk Maxwell de Middlebie, advokato, kaj Frances Cay<ref name="oxford_506">{{harvnb|Harman|2004|p=506}}</ref><ref name="Waterston">{{harvnb|Waterston|Macmillan Shearer|2006|page=633}}</ref> filino de ŝiparmea juĝĝisto Robert Hodshon Cay kaj fratino de advokato kaj fotisto John Cay. (Lia naskoloko nuntempe estas hejmo de la muzeo funkciigita de la [[Fondaĵo James Clerk Maxwell]].) Lia patro estis homo de komfortigaj rimedoj<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwTNCEoGsfYC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=49 |title=Energy and the Unexpected |last=Laidler |first=Keith James |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-852516-5 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424071517/https://books.google.com/books?id=MwTNCEoGsfYC&pg=PA49 |archivedate=24a de aprilo 2016 }}</ref> de la familio Clerk de [[Penicuik]], posedantoj de la [[baroneco]] de Clerk de Penicuik. La frato de lia patro estis Sir George Clerk, nome la 6a Barono.<ref name="preface">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=Jrzq_7NhGRkC&pg=PR90baronet#v=onepage&q&f=false |chapter=Preface |title=The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell |isbn=978-1-108-01225-6 |last1=Maxwell |first1=James Clerk |year=2011}}</ref> He had been born "John Clerk", adding Maxwell to his own after he inherited (as an infant in 1793) the Middlebie estate, a Maxwell property in Dumfriesshire.<ref name="oxford_506"/> James was a first cousin of both the artist [[Jemima Blackburn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/scotgaz/people/famousfirst2374.html |title=Jemima Blackburn |publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland |accessdate=27 August 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112214008/http://www.scottish-places.info/scotgaz/people/famousfirst2374.html |archivedate=12 November 2013 }}</ref> (the daughter of his father's sister) and the civil engineer [[William Dyce Cay]] (the son of his mother's brother). Cay and Maxwell were close friends and Cay acted as his best man when Maxwell married.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=404238 |title=William Dyce Cay |work=scottisharchitects.org.uk |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234918/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=404238 |archivedate=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
 
Maxwell's parents met and married when they were well into their thirties;<ref>{{Cite book|title=James Clerk Maxwell : a biography|last=Tolstoy|first=Ivan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1981|isbn=0-226-80785-1|location=Chicago|page=11|oclc=8688302}}</ref> his mother was nearly 40 when he was born. They had had one earlier child, a daughter named Elizabeth, who died in infancy.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|1882|p=1}}</ref>
 
When Maxwell was young his family moved to [[Glenlair House|Glenlair]], in Kirkcudbrightshire which his parents had built on the estate which comprised {{convert|1500|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahon|2003|pp=186–187}}</ref> All indications suggest that Maxwell had maintained an unquenchable curiosity from an early age.<ref>{{Cite book|title=James Clerk Maxwell : a biography|last=Tolstoy|first=Ivan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1981|isbn=0-226-80785-1|location=Chicago|page=13|oclc=8688302}}</ref> By the age of three, everything that moved, shone, or made a noise drew the question: "what's the go o' that?"<ref>{{harvnb|Mahon|2003|p=3}}</ref> In a passage added to a letter from his father to his sister-in-law Jane Cay in 1834, his mother described this innate sense of inquisitiveness:
{{Quote|He is a very happy man, and has improved much since the weather got moderate; he has great work with doors, locks, keys, etc., and "show me how it doos" is never out of his mouth. He also investigates the hidden course of streams and bell-wires, the way the water gets from the pond through the wall....<ref name="Campbell_p 27">{{harvnb|Campbell|1882|p=27}}</ref>}}
 
== Anekdoto ==
Elŝutita el "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"