Glavo: Malsamoj inter versioj
| [kontrolita revizio] | [kontrolita revizio] |
Enhavo forigita Enhavo aldonita
Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) |
Kani (diskuto | kontribuoj) |
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Linio 58:
====Ĉina antikveco====
Ĉinaj feraj glavoj faris siajn unuajn aperojn en la lasta parto de la Okcidenta [[Dinastio Ĵou]],
===Middle Ages===
====Early medieval Europe====
[[File:Morgan-bible-fl-29.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Battle scene from the [[Morgan Bible of Louis IX]] showing 13th-century swords]]
{{Further|Carolingian sword|Romanesque sword|Longsword}}
{{Further|Oakeshott typology}}
During the [[Middle Ages]] sword technology improved, and the sword became a very advanced weapon. The [[spatha]] type remained popular throughout the [[Migration period]] and well into the Middle Ages. [[Vendel Age]] spathas were decorated with Germanic artwork (not unlike the Germanic [[bracteate]]s fashioned after Roman coins). The [[Viking Age]] saw again a more standardized production, but the basic design remained indebted to the spatha.<ref>Laing, Lloyd Robert (2006). ''The archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. CE 400–1200''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–95. {{ISBN|0-521-54740-7}}</ref>
Around the 10th century, the use of properly quenched [[Hardened steel|hardened]] and [[Tempering (metallurgy)|tempered steel]] started to become much more common than in previous periods. The [[Franks|Frankish]] '[[Ulfberht swords|Ulfberht]]' blades (the name of the maker inlaid in the blade) were of particularly consistent high quality.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405283023 |url-access=registration |quote=Ulfberht. |title=Writing society and culture in early Rus, c. 950–1300 |access-date=14 November 2010 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405283023/page/109 109] |first=Simon |last=Franklin |isbn=978-0-511-03025-3 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Charles the Bald]] tried to prohibit the export of these swords, as they were used by [[Vikings]] in raids against the [[Franks]].
[[Wootz steel]] which is also known as [[Damascus steel]] was a unique and highly prized steel developed on the Indian subcontinent as early as the 5th century BC. Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel creating networks of iron carbides described as a globular [[cementite]] in a matrix of [[pearlite]]. The use of Damascus steel in swords became extremely popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{#tag:ref|"Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades: Part 1 Pattern-Welding" ([[Herbert Maryon|Maryon]] 1960)<ref name="Maryon">{{cite journal|last1=Maryon|first1=Herbert|author-link=Herbert Maryon|title=Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades: Part 1 Pattern-Welding|journal=Studies in Conservation|date=February 1960|volume=5|issue=1|pages=25–37|doi=10.2307/1505063|jstor=1505063}}</ref>{{paragraph break}}A brief review article by the originator of the term "pattern-welding" accurately details all the salient points of the construction of pattern-welded blades and of how all the patterns observed result as a function of the depth of grinding into a twisted rod structure. The article also includes a brief description of pattern-welding as encountered in the Malay keris. Damascus steel is also known as watered steel.|group=nb}}<ref name="Maryon"/>
It was only from the 11th century that [[Normans|Norman]] swords began to develop the [[crossguard]] (quillons). During the [[Crusades]] of the 12th to 13th century, this [[Cruciform#Cruciform sword|cruciform]] type of [[arming sword]] remained essentially stable, with variations mainly concerning the shape of the [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]]. These swords were designed as cutting weapons, although effective points were becoming common to counter improvements in armour, especially the 14th-century change from [[Mail (armour)|mail]] to [[plate armour]].<ref>Jeep, John M. (2001). ''Medieval Germany: an encyclopedia''. Routledge. p. 802, {{ISBN|0-8240-7644-3}}</ref>
It was during the 14th century, with the growing use of more advanced armour, that the hand and a half sword, also known as a "[[Classification of swords#Longsword and bastard sword|bastard sword]]", came into being. It had an extended grip that meant it could be used with either one or two hands. Though these swords did not provide a full two-hand grip they allowed their wielders to hold a [[shield]] or parrying dagger in their off hand, or to use it as a two-handed sword for a more powerful blow.<ref name=Gravett>Gravett, p. 47</ref>
In the Middle Ages, the sword was often used as a symbol of the [[Logos (Christianity)|word of God]]. The names given to many swords in [[mythology]], [[literature]], and [[history]] reflected the high prestige of the weapon and the wealth of the owner.<ref>{{cite book |first=Juan Eduardo |last=Cirlot |year=2002 |title=A Dictionary of Symbols |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |pages=323–25 |isbn=978-0-486-42523-8}}</ref>
====Later Middle Ages====
{{Further|Longsword|Zweihänder}}
From around 1300 to 1500, in concert with improved [[armour]], innovative sword designs evolved more and more rapidly. The main transition was the lengthening of the grip, allowing [[Classification of swords#Handedness|two-handed]] use, and a longer blade. By 1400, this type of sword, at the time called ''[[longsword|langes Schwert]]'' (longsword) or ''spadone'', was common, and a number of 15th- and 16th-century ''[[Fechtbuch|Fechtbücher]]'' offering instructions on their use survive. Another variant was the specialized [[Armour#Early|armour]]-piercing swords of the [[estoc]] type. The [[longsword]] became popular due to its extreme reach and its cutting and thrusting abilities.<ref>{{cite book |first=David|last=Lindholm|author2=Nicolle, David |title=The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100–1500 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2007 |page=178 |isbn=978-1-84176-988-2}}</ref>
[[Image:Battle of Kappel detail.jpg|frame|left|1548 depiction of a [[Zweihänder]] used against pikes in the [[Battle of Kappel]]]]
[[Image:KHM Wien A 141 - Ceremonial sword of the Rector of the Republic of Ragusa, 1466.jpg|thumb|140px|Ceremonial sword of the Rector of the [[Republic of Dubrovnik]] (15th century)]]
The [[estoc]] became popular because of its ability to thrust into the gaps between plates of [[Armour#History|armour]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Leonid |last=Tarassuk |author2=Blair, Claude |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms & Weapons: The Most Comprehensive Reference Work Ever Published on Arms and Armour from Prehistoric Times to the Present – with Over 1,200 Illustrations |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1982 |page=491|author2-link=Claude Blair }}</ref> The grip was sometimes wrapped in wire or coarse [[Hide (skin)|animal hide]] to provide a better grip and to make it harder to knock a sword out of the user's hand.<ref name=McLean>McLean, p. 178</ref>
A number of [[Martial arts manual#Historical European martial arts|manuscripts]] covering longsword combat and techniques dating from the 13th–16th centuries exist in German,<ref name=Deutschbuch>{{cite web|url=http://www.pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de/cgm582.html |title=Transkription von cgm582 |publisher=Pragmatische Schriftlichkeit|access-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309215813/http://www.pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de/cgm582.html |archive-date=9 March 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Italian, and English,<ref name=Englishbook>{{cite web |url=http://www.mymartialheritage.org/manuals.html |title=15th Century English Combat Manuscripts |publisher=The English Martial Arts Academy |access-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104736/http://www.mymartialheritage.org/manuals.html |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> providing extensive information on longsword combatives as used throughout this period. Many of these are now readily available online.<ref name=Deutschbuch/><ref name=Englishbook/>
In the 16th century, the large [[zweihänder]] was used by the elite German and Swiss mercenaries known as [[doppelsöldner]]s.<ref>Douglas Miller, John Richards: ''Landsknechte 1486–1560'', {{ISBN|3-87748-636-3}}</ref> Zweihänder, literally translated, means two-hander. The zweihänder possesses a long blade, as well as a huge guard for protection. It is estimated that some zweihänder swords were over {{convert|6|ft|m}} long, with the one ascribed to [[Frisia]]n warrior [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] being {{convert|2.13|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=out|order=flip}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunseradiel.nl/index.php?simaction=content&pagid=289&mediumid=1 |publisher=Gemeente Wûnseradiel |title=Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel |language=Western Frisian |access-date=4 January 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903223225/http://www.gemeentesudwestfryslan.nl/ |archive-date=3 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The gigantic blade length was perfectly designed for manipulating and pushing away enemy [[Pole weapon|pole-arms]], which were major weapons around this time, in both Germany and Eastern Europe. Doppelsöldners also used [[katzbalger]]s, which means 'cat-gutter'. The katzbalger's S-shaped guard and {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} blade made it perfect for bringing in when the fighting became too close to use a zweihänder.<ref name=Landsknechts>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Douglas |year=1976 |title=The Landsknechts |url=https://archive.org/details/landsknechts00mill |url-access=limited |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=[https://archive.org/details/landsknechts00mill/page/n11 11] |isbn=978-0-85045-258-7}}</ref>
Civilian use of swords became increasingly common during the late Renaissance, with [[duels]] being a preferred way to honourably settle disputes.
The [[side-sword]] was a type of war sword used by infantry during the [[Renaissance]] of [[Europe]]. This sword was a direct descendant of the [[arming sword]]. Quite popular between the 16th and 17th centuries, they were ideal for handling the mix of armoured and unarmoured opponents of that time. A new technique of placing one's finger on the [[ricasso]] to improve the grip (a practice that would continue in the [[rapier]]) led to the production of hilts with a guard for the finger. This sword design eventually led to the development of the civilian [[rapier]], but it was not replaced by it, and the side-sword continued to be used during the rapier's lifetime. As it could be used for both cutting and thrusting, the term [[Spada da lato|cut and thrust sword]] is sometimes used interchangeably with side-sword.<ref>The term ''cut & thrust'' is a non-historical classification first used within The [[Association for Renaissance Martial Arts]] to differentiate cutting swords with compound hilts from true rapiers.</ref> As rapiers became more popular, attempts were made to hybridize the blade, sacrificing the effectiveness found in each unique weapon design. These are still considered side-swords and are sometimes labeled ''sword rapier'' or ''cutting rapier'' by modern collectors.
Side-swords used in conjunction with [[buckler]]s became so popular that it caused the term [[swashbuckler]] to be coined. This word stems from the new fighting style of the side-sword and buckler which was filled with much "swashing and making a noise on the buckler".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.fencing.net/product_p/ca-2279.htm|title=Practical Side Sword|publisher=Fencing.net|access-date=22 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031053440/http://shop.fencing.net/product_p/ca-2279.htm|archive-date=31 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Within the [[Ottoman Empire]], the use of a curved sabre called the [[Yatagan]] started in the mid-16th century. It would become the weapon of choice for many in [[Turkey]] and the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Mortensen
| first = Peder
| authorlink = |author2=Torben Lundbæk |author3=Kjeld von Folsach
| title = Sultan, Shah, and Great Mughal: the history and culture of the Islamic world
| publisher = National Museum
| year = 1996
| location =
| page = 200
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 978-87-89384-31-3}}</ref>
The sword in this time period was the most personal weapon, the most prestigious, and the most versatile for close combat, but it came to decline in military use as technology, such as the [[crossbow]] and [[firearms]] changed warfare. However, it maintained a key role in civilian [[self-defence]].<ref name =Britannica/>
====Near East and Africa====
The earliest evidence of curved swords, or [[scimitar]]s (and other regional variants as the [[arab people|Arabian]] [[saif]], the [[Persia]]n [[shamshir]] and the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[kilij]]) is from the 9th century, when it was used among soldiers in the [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] region of [[Persia]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Daily life in the medieval Islamic world |author=James E. Lindsay |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-32270-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64 64] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64 }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Pala type of kilij.jpg|[[Kilij]].
File:Sabel, Shamsir (Persien) - Livrustkammaren - 13938.tif|[[Shamshir]].
</gallery>
[[File:State Gifts Presentation Sword.JPG|thumb|right|20th century akrafena.]]
The [[takoba]] is a type of broadsword originating in the [[Sahel]], descended from the various [[Byzantine]] and [[Islam in Africa|Islamic]] swords used across North Africa. Strongly associated with the [[Tuareg]]s, it has a straight double-edged blade measuring about 1 meter in length, usually imported from Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vikingsword.com/ethsword/takouba/|title=Takouba - Swords of the Saharan Tuareg|last= Jones|first=Lee A.|date=15 March 1998|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://takouba.org/|title=What is a takouba?|publisher=Takouba Research Society|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>
[[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]n swords related to the Persian shamshir are known as [[shotel]].<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Mitchell |title=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |volume=12 |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=nXVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA515 |year=1869 |page=515 |author=Royal United Service Institution |author-link=Royal United Service Institution}}</ref>
The [[Ashanti people]] adopted swords under the name of [[akrafena]]. They are still used today in ceremonies, such as the [[Odwira festival]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkLv4oPlIJQC&pg=PA138 |title=Odwira and the Gospel: A Study of the Asante Odwira Festival and Its Significance for Christianity in Ghana |publisher=OCMS |last=Adams |first=Frank Kwesi |year=2010 |page=138 |isbn=9781870345590}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ag/asante_gold_regalia/i_history-significance-usage/iv.aspx |title=I. The history, significance and usage of Asante royal regalia continued |work=[[The British Museum]] |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=[[Trustees of the British Museum]]}}</ref>
====East Asia====
[[File:Antique Japanese (samurai) katana.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|A Japanese wakizashi of the 17th century, with its ''koshirae'' and ''shirasaya''.]]
[[File:Sword with Scabbard MET 21123 - cropped.jpg|thumb|Chinese ''dao'' and scabbard of the 17th–18th century]]
As steel technology improved, single-edged weapons became popular throughout Asia. Derived from the [[China|Chinese]] [[Jian]] or [[Dao (broadsword)|dao]], the [[Korea]]n [[hwandudaedo]] are known from the early medieval [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]]. Production of the [[Japan]]ese [[tachi]], a precursor to the [[katana]], is recorded from c. AD 900 (see [[Japanese sword]]).<ref>Friday, Karl F. (2004). ''Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan''. Routledge publishing. pp. 79–81., {{ISBN|0-415-32962-0}}
</ref>
Japan was famous for the swords it forged in the early 13th century for the class of warrior-nobility known as the [[Samurai]]. The types of swords used by the Samurai included the [[ōdachi]] (extra long field sword), [[tachi]] (long cavalry sword), [[katana]] (long sword), and [[wakizashi]] (shorter companion sword for katana). Japanese swords that pre-date the rise of the samurai caste include the [[Tsurugi (sword)|tsurugi]] (straight double-edged blade) and [[chokutō]] (straight one-edged blade).<ref>Jeep, John M. (1998). ''The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords''. Kodansha International publishing. {{ISBN|4-7700-2071-6}}</ref> Japanese swordmaking reached the height of its development in the 15th and 16th centuries, when samurai increasingly found a need for a sword to use in closer quarters, leading to the creation of the modern [[katana]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords |last=Nagayama |first=Kōkan |year=1998 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2071-0 |pages=59–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA59#v=onepage |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603114919/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA59#v=onepage |archive-date=3 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Western historians have said that Japanese katana were among the finest cutting weapons in world military history.<ref name=Turnbull2012>{{cite book |author=Stephen Turnbull |title=Katana: The Samurai Sword |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAFTe6JUEkQC&pg=PA4 |page=4 |year=2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-658-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429015330/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAFTe6JUEkQC&pg=PA4 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Ford2006>{{cite book |author=Roger Ford |title=Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Weapon.html?id=9WdYAAAAYAAJ |pages=66, 120 |year=2006 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn= 978-0-7566-2210-7 }}</ref><ref>Samurai 1550–1600, p. 49, Anthony J Bryant, Angus McBride</ref>
====South and Southeast Asia====
In [[Indonesia]], the images of Indian style swords can be found in Hindu gods statues from ancient Java circa 8th to 10th century. However the native types of blade known as ''[[kris]]'', [[Parang (knife)|''parang'']], ''[[klewang]]'' and ''[[golok]]'' were more popular as weapons. These daggers are shorter than sword but longer than common dagger.
[[File:Kampilan moro sword with sheath.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Kampilan]] from the [[Philippines]]. The traditional designs of the hilt is a notable depiction from [[Philippine mythology]].]]
In [[The Philippines]], traditional large swords known as the [[Kampilan]] and the [[Panabas]] were used in combat by the natives. A notable wielder of the ''kampilan'' was [[Lapu-Lapu]], the king of [[Mactan]] and his warriors who defeated the Spaniards and killed Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] at the [[Battle of Mactan]] on 27 April 1521.<ref name="old">{{cite web |url=http://old.blades.free.fr/swords/klewang/kampilan/kampilan.htm |title=Kampilan |access-date=5 February 2009 |date=13 March 2007 |work=Malay World Edged Weapons |publisher=old.blades.free.fr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231082858/http://old.blades.free.fr/swords/klewang/kampilan/kampilan.htm |archive-date=31 December 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Traditional swords in the Philippines were immediately banned, but the training in [[swordsmanship]] was later hidden from the occupying [[Spanish Colonial Era (Philippines)|Spaniards]] by practices in [[Philippine dance|dances]]. But because of the banning, Filipinos were forced to use swords that were disguised as farm tools. [[Bolo knife|Bolos]] and [[balisword]]s were used during the [[Philippine Revolution|revolutions]] against the colonialists not only because ammunition for guns was scarce, but also for concealability while walking in crowded streets and homes. Bolos were also used by young boys who joined their parents in the revolution and by young girls and their mothers in defending the town while the men were on the battlefields. During the [[Philippine–American War]] in events such as the [[Balangiga Massacre]], most of an American company was hacked to death or seriously injured by [[bolo knife|bolo]]-wielding guerillas in [[Balangiga, Eastern Samar|Balangiga, Samar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcialtirada.net/filipino_weapons |title=Traditional Filipino Weapons |author=Guro Tony |publisher=Philippine Martial Arts Institute |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529002947/http://www.marcialtirada.net/filipino_weapons |archive-date=29 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> When the [[Japanese Imperial Army|Japanese]] took control of the country, several American special operations groups stationed in the Philippines were introduced to the [[Filipino Martial Arts]] and swordsmanship, leading to this style reaching America despite the fact that natives were reluctant to allow outsiders in on their fighting secrets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://martialarts.about.com/od/styles/a/kali.htm |title=A History and Style Guide of Kali |author1=Robert Rousseau |author2=About.com Guide |publisher=About.com |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201061001/http://martialarts.about.com/od/styles/a/kali.htm |archive-date=1 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The ''[[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]]'' is a double-edge straight sword. It is often featured in religious iconography, theatre and art depicting the ancient [[history of India]]. Some communities venerate the weapon as a symbol of [[Shiva]]. It is a common weapon in the martial arts in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="mty">M.L.K. Murty (2003), p. 91</ref> Khanda often appears in Hindu, Buddhist and Sikh scriptures and art.<ref>{{cite book |last = Teece |first = Geoff | title = Sikhism |publisher = Black Rabbit Books |isbn = 978-1-58340-469-0 |page = 18|year = 2005 }}</ref> In [[Sri Lanka]], a unique wind furnace was used to produce the high quality steel. This gave the blade a very hard cutting edge and beautiful patterns. For these reasons it became a very popular trading material.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/srilanka.html|title=Wind-Powered Furnaces|author=Freese, Brett Leslie |publisher=archaeology.org|access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619070050/http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/srilanka.html |archive-date=19 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Rajput Khanda.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|A [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] sword from India.]]
The [[Firangi (sword)|Firangi]] ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|iː}}, derived from the Arabic term for a Western European a "[[Franks|Frank]]") was a sword type which used blades manufactured in Western Europe and imported by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], or made locally in imitation of European blades. Because of its length the firangi is usually regarded as primarily a [[cavalry]] weapon. The sword has been especially associated with the [[Maratha]]s, who were famed for their cavalry. However, the firangi was also widely used by [[Sikh]]s and [[Rajputs]].<ref name="Ref-1">Stone and LaRocca, p. 229</ref>
The [[Talwar]] ({{lang-hi|तलवार}}) is a type of curved sword from India and other countries of the [[Indian subcontinent]], it was adopted by communities such as Rajputs, Sikhs and Marathas, who favored the sword as their main weapon. It became more widespread in the medieval era.<ref>Evangelista, page 575</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |authorlink = Karen Payne |title = Ancient and Awesome Indo-Pakistani Weapons |journal = Black Belt |volume = 18 |pages = 34 |date = March 1980 |issn=0277-3066}}</ref>
The [[Urumi]] ({{lang-ta|சுருள் பட்டாக்கத்தி}} {{transl|ta|surul pattai}}, lit. curling blade; {{lang-si|එතුණු කඩුව}} {{transl|si|ethunu kaduwa}}; [[Hindi]]: {{transl|hi|aara}}) is a "sword" with a flexible whip-like blade.<ref name=Saravanan2005>{{cite journal |author=Saravanan, T. |year=2005|title=Valorous Sports Metro Plus Madurai |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/01/14/stories/2005011400050100.htm |journal=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022074012/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/01/14/stories/2005011400050100.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Indian tulwar - talwar sword.jpg|[[Talwar]]
File:Pata-1-Archit-Patel.jpg|[[Pata (sword)|Pata]]
File:Mumtaz Mahal Museum, Red Fort - Firangi.jpg|Firangi
</gallery>
== Simbolaro ==
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