Scienca rasismo: Malsamoj inter versioj

'''Scienca rasismo''', foje terminigita kiel '''biologia rasismo''', estas [[Pseŭdoscienco|pseŭdoscienca]] kredo, ke ekzistas [[Empirio|empiria]] pruvaro por subteni aŭ justigi [[rasismo]]n (rasa [[diskriminacio]]), rasan malsuperecon aŭ rasan superecon.<ref>"Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eld.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eld.), ''The Social Science Encyclopedia'' (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [''sc. scientific''] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology'' (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [''sc. of scientific racism''] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, ''The myth of the noble savage'' (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, ''A History of Anthropological Theory'' (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".</ref><ref name="SciRac_Gould">{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|author-link= |title=The Mismeasure of Man|publisher=W W Norton and Co.|year=1981|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich/page/28 28–29]|isbn=978-0-393-01489-1|quote=Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.|title-link=The Mismeasure of Man}}</ref><ref name="SciRac_CSI">{{cite journal|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-09/scientific-ethics.html|title=Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?|access-date=1a de Decembro 2007|last=Kurtz|first=Paul|date=Sep 2004|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123123232/http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-09/scientific-ethics.html|archive-date=23a de Novembro 2007|quote=There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.|titolo=Arkivita kopio|alirdato=2021-02-28|arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123123232/http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-09/scientific-ethics.html|arkivdato=2007-11-23}} {{Webarchiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123123232/http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-09/scientific-ethics.html |date=2007-11-23 }}</ref><ref name="EPSS">{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first=Byron|editor-last=Kaldis|title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2013|pages=779|isbn=9781452276045}}</ref> Historie, scienca rasismo ricevis [[Kredindeco|kredindecon]] tra la [[scienca komunumo]], sed ĝi ne plu estas konsiderata scienca.<ref name="SciRac_Gould"/><ref name="SciRac_CSI"/> Dividi la homaron en biologie distingaj grupoj estas ofte nomata '''rasa realismo'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> aŭ '''rasa scienco'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> fare de ties proponantoj. Nuntempa [[scienca interkonsento]] malakceptas tiun vidpunkton kiel malkongruebla kun la moderna [[Genetiko|genetika esplorado]].<ref name="Templeton2016">Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eld.), ''How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society'' (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26}}. Ke tiu vidpunkto respegulas la interkonsenton inter usonaj antropologoj estas asertata en: {{cite journal|last2=Yu|first2=Joon-Ho|last3=Ifekwunigwe|first3=Jayne O.|last4=Harrell|first4=Tanya M.|last5=Bamshad|first5=Michael J.|last6=Royal|first6=Charmaine D.|date=Februaro 2017|title=Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=162|issue=2|pages=318–327|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23120|pmid=27874171|last1=Wagner|first1=Jennifer K.|pmc=5299519}} Vidu ankaŭ: {{cite web|author= American Association of Physical Anthropologists|title=AAPA Statement on Race and Racism |website=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|access-date=19a de Junio 2020 |date=27a de Marto 2019 |url=https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/}}</ref>{{rp|360}}

Post la fino de la Dua Mondmilito, scienca rasismo kaj en teorio kaj en agado estis formale denuncita, speciale en frua publikaĵo de [[UNESCO]] pri [[Kontraŭrasismo|kontraŭrasismo]] nome "The Race Question" (La rasafero, 1950): "La biologia fakto de raso kaj la mito de 'raso' devas esti distingitaj. Por ĉiuj praktikaj sociaj celoj 'raso' ne estas tiom multe biologia fenomeno kiom socia mito. La mito 'raso' kreis enorman kvanton de homa kaj socia damaĝo. En ĵusaj jaroj, ĝi okazigis enormajn perdojn en homaj vivoj, kaj kaŭzis nediritan suferadon."<ref>UNESCO, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001282/128291eo.pdf The Race Question], p. 8</ref> Ekde tiu epoko, disvolvigoj en hom-evolucia [[genetiko]] kaj en fizika [[antropologio]] kondukis al nova interkonsento inter antropologoj ke [[Raso|homaj rasoj]] estas socipolitika fenomeno pli ol biologia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gannon|first1=Megan|date=5a de Februaro 2016|title=Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/|journal=Scientific American|language=en|access-date=25a de Decembro 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Daley |first1=C. E. |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence |last2=Onwuegbuzie |first2=A. J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780521518062 |editor-last=Sternberg |editor-first=R. |location=Cambridge New York |pages=293–306 |chapter=Race and Intelligence |editor-last2=Kaufman |editor-first2=S. B.}}</ref>{{rp|294}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diana Smay, George Armelagos|title=Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy|journal=Transforming Anthropology|date=2000|volume=9|issue=2|pages=22–24|url=http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTGA/Web%20Site/PDFs/Galileo%20Wept-%20A%20Critical%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Use%20of%20Race%20in%20Forensic%20Anthropology.pdf|access-date=13a de Julio 2016|doi=10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19|titolo=Arkivita kopio|alirdato=2021-02-28|arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818073338/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTGA/Web%20Site/PDFs/Galileo%20Wept-%20A%20Critical%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Use%20of%20Race%20in%20Forensic%20Anthropology.pdf|arkivdato=2018-08-18}} {{Webarchiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818073338/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTGA/Web%20Site/PDFs/Galileo%20Wept-%20A%20Critical%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Use%20of%20Race%20in%20Forensic%20Anthropology.pdf |date=2018-08-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Rotimi, Charles N.|date=2004|title=Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=36|issue=11 Suppl|pages=43–47|doi=10.1038/ng1439|pmid=15508002|quote="Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity"|doi-access=free}}</ref>