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====Utilismo====
{{Ĉefartikolo|Utilismo}}
[[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|upright|Jeremy Bentham.]]▼
[[File:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|upright|John Stuart Mill.]]▼
Utilismo isestas anprietika ethicalteorio theorykiu thatargumentas, argueske thela properpropra coursefluo ofde actionagado isestas onetiu thatkiu maximizesmaksimumigas apozitivan positive effectefikon, suchkiel asla "happinessfeliĉo", la "welfarebonfarto", oraŭ thela abilitykapablo tovivi livekongrue accordingkun tola personalpersonaj preferencespreferoj.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ethics Toolkit: A Compendium of Ethical Concepts and Methods|edition=|last=Baqgini|first=Julian|author-link=Julian Baggini |last2=Fosl|first2=Peter S.|author2-link=Peter S. Fosl|year=2007|publisher= Blackwell|location=Malden|isbn=978-1-4051-3230-5|pages=57–58}}</ref> [[Jeremy Bentham]] andkaj [[John Stuart Mill]] areestas influentialinfluaj proponentsproponintoj ofde thistiu schoolskolo ofde thoughtpensaro. InEn ''A Fragment on Government'' Bentham saysdiras, ke 'itestas isla theplek greatestgranda happinessfeliĉo ofde theplej greatestgranda numberkvanto thatla ismezuro thede measurebono ofkaj right and wrongmalbono' andkaj describespriskribas thistion askiel a fundamentalfundamenta [[axiomaksiomo]]. InEn ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' heli talksparolas ofpri 'thela principleprincipo ofde utilityutileco' butsed laterposte preferspreferas "thela greatestplej happinessgrandan principlefeliĉan principon".<ref>{{cite book|last=Bentham |first= Jeremy|title=The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Published under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring. Volume 1|year=2001|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|page=18|isbn= 978-1-4021-6393-7}}</ref><ref name="John Stuart Mill">[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm#CHAPTER_I Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism (Project Gutenberg onlinereta editioneldono)]</ref>▼
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▲[[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|upright|Jeremy Bentham]]
▲[[File:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|upright|John Stuart Mill]]
▲Utilismo is an ethical theory that argues the proper course of action is one that maximizes a positive effect, such as "happiness", "welfare", or the ability to live according to personal preferences.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ethics Toolkit: A Compendium of Ethical Concepts and Methods|edition=|last=Baqgini|first=Julian|author-link=Julian Baggini |last2=Fosl|first2=Peter S.|author2-link=Peter S. Fosl|year=2007|publisher= Blackwell|location=Malden|isbn=978-1-4051-3230-5|pages=57–58}}</ref> [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[John Stuart Mill]] are influential proponents of this school of thought. In ''A Fragment on Government'' Bentham says 'it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong' and describes this as a fundamental [[axiom]]. In ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' he talks of 'the principle of utility' but later prefers "the greatest happiness principle".<ref>{{cite book|last=Bentham |first= Jeremy|title=The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Published under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring. Volume 1|year=2001|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|page=18|isbn= 978-1-4021-6393-7}}</ref><ref name="John Stuart Mill">[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm#CHAPTER_I Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism (Project Gutenberg online edition)]</ref>
 
UtilitarianismUtilismo isestas thela paradigmaticparadigma exampleekzemplo of ade consequentialist moral theory. This form of utilitarianism holds that the morally correct action is the one that produces the best outcome for all people affected by the action. [[John Stuart Mill]], in his exposition of utilitarianism, proposed a hierarchy of pleasures, meaning that the pursuit of certain kinds of pleasure is more highly valued than the pursuit of other pleasures.<ref name="Mill">{{cite book|title= Utilitarianism|year=1998|last=Mill|first=John Stuart|authorlink=John Stuart Mill|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn =978-0-19-875163-2|url= http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill1.htm}}</ref> Other noteworthy proponents of utilitarianism are neuroscientist [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], author of ''[[The Moral Landscape]]'', and moral philosopher [[Peter Singer]], author of, amongst other works, ''[[Practical Ethics]]''.
 
The major division within utilitarianism is between ''[[act utilitarianism]]'' and ''[[rule utilitarianism]]''. In act utilitarianism, the principle of utility applies directly to each alternative act in a situation of choice. The right act is the one that brings about the best results (or the least amount of bad results). In rule utilitarianism, the principle of utility determines the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles). A rule like promise-keeping is established by looking at the consequences of a world in which people break promises at will and a world in which promises are binding. Right and wrong are the following or breaking of rules that are sanctioned by their utilitarian value.<ref name="Carnegie Mellon University">{{cite web |url=http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/cavalier/80130/part2/sect9.html |work=Department of Philosophy, [[Carnegie Mellon University]] |title=Utilitarian Theories |year=1996 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> A proposed "middle ground" between these two types is [[Two-level utilitarianism]], where rules are applied in ordinary circumstances, but with an allowance to choose actions outside of such rules when unusual situations call for it.
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