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Etiko: Malsamoj inter versioj

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* «Agu laŭ maniero kiu povas samtempe sin transformis al universala leĝo <ref>''Op. cit.'', p. 118</ref>»,
* «Agu laŭ kondutnormoj kiuj povu samtempe estis mem konsideritaj objekto de la universalaj leĝoj de la naturo.<ref>''Op. cit.'' p. 119.</ref>».
 
Kant argumentis, ke la nura absoluta bono estas bona volo, kaj tiele la nura determinanta faktoro ĉu ago estas morale bona estas la volo, aŭ motivo de la persono kiu faras tion. Se ili estas aganta sur malbona moto, ekz. "Mi mensogos", tiam la ago estas malbona, eĉ se kelkaj bonaj konsekvencoj venas el ĝi. En sia eseo, "On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns", argumentante kontraŭ la sinteno de [[Benjamin Constant]] en "Des réactions politiques", Kant asertas, ke [[mensogo]] difinita kiel senintence malvera deklaro al aliulo ne nepre postulas la aldonan kondiĉon ke ĝi damaĝas aliulon, kiel juristoj postulas en sia difino (''mendacium est falsiloquium in praeiudicium alterius'').<ref> "Über ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lügen", Berlinische Blätter 1 (1797), 301-314; eldonita en: Werke in zwölf Bänden, vol. 8, Frankfurt am Main (1977), zeno.org/nid/20009192123. </ref>
 
===Anarkisma etiko===
{{Main|Anarkismo}}
[[Anarkismo|Anarkisma]] etiko estas etika teorio bazita sur la studoj de anarkistaj pensuloj. La plej granda kontribuanto al la anarkisma etiko estas la rusa zoologo, geografo, ekonomikisto kaj politika aktivulo [[Petro Kropotkino]].
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Kant argued that the only absolutely good thing is a good will, and so the single determining factor of whether an action is morally right is the will, or motive of the person doing it. If they are acting on a bad maxim, e.g. "I will lie", then their action is wrong, even if some good consequences come of it. In his essay, On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns, arguing against the position of Benjamin Constant, Des réactions politiques, Kant states that "Hence a lie defined merely as an intentionally untruthful declaration to another man does not require the additional condition that it must do harm to another, as jurists require in their definition (mendacium est falsiloquium in praeiudicium alterius). For a lie always harms another; if not some human being, then it nevertheless does harm to humanity in general, inasmuch as it vitiates the very source of right [Rechtsquelle] ... All practical principles of right must contain rigorous truth ... This is because such exceptions would destroy the universality on account of which alone they bear the name of principles."[46]
Starting from the premise that the goal of ethical philosophy should be to help humans adapt and thrive in evolutionary terms, Kropotkin's ethical framework uses biology and anthropology as a basis – in order to scientifically establish what will best enable a given social order to thrive biologically and socially – and advocates certain behavioural practices to enhance humanity's capacity for freedom and well-being, namely practices which emphasise solidarity, equality, and justice.
 
Kropotkin argues that ethics itself is evolutionary, and is inherited as a sort of a social instinct through cultural history, and by so, he rejects any religious and transcendental explanation of morality. The origin of ethical feeling in both animals and humans can be found, he claims, in the natural fact of "sociality" (mutualistic symbiosis), which humans can then combine with the instinct for justice (i.e. equality) and then with the practice of reason to construct a non-supernatural and anarchistic system of ethics.<ref>[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-ethics-origin-and-development.pdf "Ethics: Origin and Development" by Pëtr Kropotkin]</ref> Kropotkin suggests that the principle of equality at the core of anarchism is the same as the [[Golden rule]]: <blockquote>This principle of treating others as one wishes to be treated oneself, what is it but the very same principle as equality, the fundamental principle of anarchism? And how can any one manage to believe himself an anarchist unless he practices it? We do not wish to be ruled. And by this very fact, do we not declare that we ourselves wish to rule nobody? We do not wish to be deceived, we wish always to be told nothing but the truth. And by this very fact, do we not declare that we ourselves do not wish to deceive anybody, that we promise to always tell the truth, nothing but the truth, the whole truth? We do not wish to have the fruits of our labor stolen from us. And by that very fact, do we not declare that we respect the fruits of others' labor? By what right indeed can we demand that we should be treated in one fashion, reserving it to ourselves to treat others in a fashion entirely different? Our sense of equality revolts at such an idea.<ref>[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/AM/anarchist_moralityVI.html "Anarchist morality", chapter VI, Pëtr Kropotkin]</ref></blockquote>
 
== Plej konataj etikistoj kaj iliaj etikaj sistemoj ==
Elŝutita el "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiko"