Etiko: Malsamoj inter versioj

Kant argumentis, ke la nura absoluta bono estas bona volo, kaj tiele la nura determinanta faktoro ĉu ago estas morale bona estas la volo, aŭ motivo de la persono kiu faras tion. Se ili estas aganta sur malbona moto, ekz. "Mi mensogos", tiam la ago estas malbona, eĉ se kelkaj bonaj konsekvencoj venas el ĝi. En sia eseo, "On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns", argumentante kontraŭ la sinteno de [[Benjamin Constant]] en "Des réactions politiques", Kant asertas, ke [[mensogo]] difinita kiel senintence malvera deklaro al aliulo ne nepre postulas la aldonan kondiĉon ke ĝi damaĝas aliulon, kiel juristoj postulas en sia difino (''mendacium est falsiloquium in praeiudicium alterius'').<ref> "Über ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lügen", Berlinische Blätter 1 (1797), 301-314; eldonita en: Werke in zwölf Bänden, vol. 8, Frankfurt am Main (1977), zeno.org/nid/20009192123. </ref>

 

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Kropotkin argues that ethics itself is evolutionary, and is inherited as a sort of a social instinct through cultural history, and by so, he rejects any religious and transcendental explanation of morality. The origin of ethical feeling in both animals and humans can be found, he claims, in the natural fact of "sociality" (mutualistic symbiosis), which humans can then combine with the instinct for justice (i.e. equality) and then with the practice of reason to construct a non-supernatural and anarchistic system of ethics.<ref>[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-ethics-origin-and-development.pdf "Ethics: Origin and Development" by Pëtr Kropotkin]</ref> Kropotkin suggests that the principle of equality at the core of anarchism is the same as the [[Golden rule]]: <blockquote>This principle of treating others as one wishes to be treated oneself, what is it but the very same principle as equality, the fundamental principle of anarchism? And how can any one manage to believe himself an anarchist unless he practices it? We do not wish to be ruled. And by this very fact, do we not declare that we ourselves wish to rule nobody? We do not wish to be deceived, we wish always to be told nothing but the truth. And by this very fact, do we not declare that we ourselves do not wish to deceive anybody, that we promise to always tell the truth, nothing but the truth, the whole truth? We do not wish to have the fruits of our labor stolen from us. And by that very fact, do we not declare that we respect the fruits of others' labor? By what right indeed can we demand that we should be treated in one fashion, reserving it to ourselves to treat others in a fashion entirely different? Our sense of equality revolts at such an idea.<ref>[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/AM/anarchist_moralityVI.html "Anarchist morality", chapter VI, Pëtr Kropotkin]</ref></blockquote>