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Hunda parvoviruso

Elektrona mikrografo de hunda parvoviruso

Biologia klasado

Grupo:	Grupo II (ssDNA)
Familio:	Parvoviridae
Subfamilio:	Parvovirinae
Genro:	Protoparvovirus
Specio:	Hunda parvoviruso 2

v • d • r

Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and some other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs.^[1] The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality. Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations.^[2] Rinderpest was mainly transmitted by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.^[3] After a global eradication campaign, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001.^[4]

On 14 October 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest.^[5] On 25 May 2011, the World Organisation for Animal Health announced the free status of the last eight countries not yet recognized (a total of 198 countries were now free of the disease), officially declaring the eradication of the disease.^[6] In June 2011, the United Nations FAO confirmed the disease was eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out, following smallpox.^[7]

Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle.^[8] The term Rinderpest is a German word meaning "cattle-plague".^[1]^[8] The rinderpest virus (RPV) was closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses.^[9] The measles virus emerged from rinderpest as a zoonotic disease between 1000 and 1100 AD, a period that may have been preceded by limited outbreaks involving a virus not yet fully acclimated to humans.^[10]

Simptomoj redakti

Rinderpest virus (RPV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses.^[9] Like other members of the Paramyxoviridae family, it produces enveloped virions, and is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The virus was particularly fragile and is quickly inactivated by heat, desiccation and sunlight.^[11]

Measles virus evolved from the then-widespread rinderpest virus most probably between the 11th and 12th centuries.^[10] The earliest likely origin is during the seventh century; some linguistic evidence exists for this earlier origin.^[12]^[13]

Diagnozo redakti

A cow with rinderpest in the "milk fever" position, 1982.

Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations.^[2] The disease was mainly spread by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.^[3]

Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and nasal and eye discharges. Subsequently, irregular erosions appear in the mouth, the lining of the nose, and the genital tract.^[2] Acute diarrhea, preceded by constipation, is also a common feature.^[3] Most animals die six to twelve days after the onset of these clinical signs.^[2]

Kuracado redakti

Nekutimaj traktoj redakti

The disease is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle.^[8] Other cattle epizootics are noted in ancient times: a cattle plague is thought to be one of the ten plagues of Egypt described in the Hebrew Bible. By around 3,000 BC, a cattle plague had reached Egypt, and rinderpest later spread throughout the remainder of Africa, following European colonization.^[8]

Historio redakti

Widespread eradication efforts took place as soon as the early 1900s; in 1924, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) was formed in response to rinderpest.^[14] Until the mid-1900s, eradication efforts largely took place on an individual country basis, using vaccination campaigns.^[14] In 1950, the Inter-African Bureau of Epizootic Diseases was formed, with the stated goal of eliminating rinderpest from Africa.^[14] During the 1960s, a program called JP 15 attempted to vaccinate all cattle in participating countries; by 1979, only one of the countries involved, Sudan, reported cases of rinderpest.^[14]

In 1969, an outbreak of the disease originated in Afghanistan, travelling westwards and promoting a mass vaccination plan, which, by 1972, had eliminated rinderpest in all areas of Asia except for Lebanon and India; both countries were the site of further occurrences of the disease in the 1980s.^[14]

During the 1980s, however, an outbreak of rinderpest from Sudan spread throughout Africa, killing millions of cattle, as well as wildlife.^[14] In response, the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign was initiated in 1987, using vaccination and surveillance to combat the disease.^[14] By the 1990s, nearly all of Africa, with the exception of parts of Sudan and Somalia, was declared free of rinderpest.^[14]

Worldwide, the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme was initiated in 1994, supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the OIE, and the International Atomic Energy Agency.^[14] This program was successful in reducing rinderpest outbreaks to few and far between by the late 1990s.^[14] The program is estimated to have saved affected farmers 58 million net Euro.^[15]

The last confirmed case of rinderpest was reported in Kenya in 2001.^[16] Since then, while there have been no confirmed cases, the disease is believed to have been present in parts of Somalia past that date.^[16] The final vaccinations were administered in 2006, and the last surveillance operations took place in 2009, failing to find any evidence of the disease.^[16]

In 2008, scientists involved in rinderpest eradication efforts believed there was a good chance that rinderpest would join smallpox as officially "wiped off the face of the planet".^[4] The Food and Agriculture Organization, which had been co-ordinating the global eradication program for the disease, announced in November 2009 that it expected the disease to be eradicated within 18 months.^[17]

In October 2010, the FAO announced it was confident the disease has been eradicated.^[5] The agency said that "[a]s of mid 2010, FAO is confident that the rinderpest virus has been eliminated from Europe, Asia, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, and Africa," which were the locations in which the virus had been last reported.^[5] Eradication was confirmed by the World Organization for Animal Health on 25 May 2011.^[6]

On 28 June 2011, FAO and its members countries officially recognized global freedom from the deadly cattle virus. On this day, the FAO Conference, the highest body of the UN agency, adopted a resolution declaring the eradication of rinderpest. The resolution also called on the world community to follow up by ensuring that samples of rinderpest viruses and vaccines be kept under safe laboratory conditions and that rigorous standards for disease surveillance and reporting be applied. "While we are celebrating one of the greatest successes for FAO and its partners, I wish to remind you that this extraordinary achievement would not have been possible without the joint efforts and strong commitments of governments, the main organizations in Africa, Asia and Europe, and without the continuous support of donors and international institutions", FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf commented.^[18]

The rinderpest eradication effort is estimated to have cost $5 billion.^[19]

Stocks of the rinderpest virus are still maintained by highly specialized laboratories.^[16] In 2015, FAO launched a campaign calling for the destruction or sequestering of the remaining stocks of rinderpest virus in laboratories in 24 different countries, claiming risks of inadvertent or malicious release.^[20]